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Term migraine is erroneously used by many people to define any severe headache, but in fact it is the result of complex physiologic changes that take place within the brain and result in pain and specific accompanying symptoms. To this sensitivity to light, sound, and smells are included.

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Sciatica

Sciatica is a common pain that affects the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve is a big nerve, which extends from your lower back to the back of your legs.

Sciatica

Sciatica symptoms

There are several common symptoms of sciatica show up, which makes it easier for diagnosing the problem by the doctors-

  • Pain in the rear
  • Pain in the leg that worsens after sitting
  • Burning sensation or tingling on the leg
  • Numbness, weakness, or difficulty in moving the feet
  • A continuous pain on one side of the rear
  • A severe pain that makes you unable to stand up

In general, sciatica attacks the lower body and only one side of it. The pain may extend from the lower back to the leg. Patients may also feel pain in the back of the thigh. Sometimes, the pain may also reach the foot or toes. Some patients experience severe pain because of sciatica. Some other patients may feel infrequent and irritating pain.

If you experience gradually worsening lower body weakness, loss of bowel or bladder control, numbness in your upper thighs, then you should immediately see a doctor.

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Sciatica Treatments

In sciatica treatment, nonsurgical methods and regular exercise can relieve the pain.  However, if the pain is severe and the nonsurgical methods do not help, then a different treatment approach and surgery may be necessary for providing relief to the patient and to minimize the possible future pain and health complications.

Non-surgical treatments

Nonsurgical treatments for sciatica offers different options with the objective of offering relief to the patient by decompressing the nerve roots.  Individual treatment or combination of different treatments can be used for treating sciatica problems.

Heat/Ice

In case of severe sciatic pain, using heat and ice packs can help in removing the pain from the leg.  This works in the initial stage.  Application of heat/ice for 20 minutes and repetition after every two hours will provide relief to the patient. Ice and it can be alternated while using.

 Medicine for pain

Prescription or over-the-counter medicines can also be used for treatment of sciatica.  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines like naproxen, ibuprofen, or COX-2 inhibitors can be used for reduction of the inflammation that causes sciatica pain.  Your doctor may also prescribe oral steroids.

Steroid injections

For reduction of the inflammation and pain, the doctor may advise epidural steroid injections.  In this type of injections, steroids are directly injected into the area with the pain around the sciatic nerve.  It reduces inflammation and the pain resulting from it.

It is fast, but temporary.  The effect lasts only for a week to a year.  This type of transaction does not work in case of every patient.  In case of severe sciatic pain, such injections are administered.

 Alternative sciatica treatment

Besides the standard medical treatment offered in case of sciatica, there are some alternative treatments available which are effective in controlling the sciatica pain.

Chiropractic/Manual Manipulation

Manual manipulation and spinal adjustments are made for better spinal column alignment.  Such alignment works on underlying conditions that may result in sciatic pain.  However, such manipulations or adjustments are done only by trained health professionals which include chiropractors, physical therapists and osteopathic physicians.

Such manual manipulations, if done by well-trained professionals, will result in better healing and reduction in pain.

Acupuncture

This is another alternative treatment option which is used for many other medical conditions. Thin needles are inserted into the human body near the area where the pain is to eliminate the pain and correct sciatica nerve problems. Acupuncture is also effective against back pain and it is approved by medical associations in different countries.

Massage therapy

Certain specific massage therapy offer benefits in back pain and sciatica pain by increasing blood circulation, helping in the release of endorphins and relaxation of muscles.

Sciatica Exercise

Sciatica treatment plans will always have physical therapy exercises, including stretching, strengthening and aerobic conditioning in them. Patients engaging in such exercise programs recover quicker from the pain and they also have less risk of having future pain.

General exercises for sciatica

The general exercises for sciatica works on three main areas

 Strengthening exercises

That are several exercises, which strengthened the spinal column besides supporting tendons, ligaments and muscles.  These strengthening exercises work on different muscles and parts of the body. They help in the development of strong core muscles.  Since strong core supports the spine, so the exercises can result in pain relief.  They also help in keeping the spine in alignment and movement of the spine, which reduce the future possibility of injury or damage.

 Stretching exercises

Stretching exercises help by eliminating sciatic pain. The special stretches for sciatica are so designed that they focus on the muscles that cause pain due to tightness and inflexibility.  Hamstring stretching is such a crucial stretching exercises, which is included in all the sciatica exercise programs.

Anaerobic exercises

Low-impact aerobic exercises are recommended for sciatica patients.  Such exercises include swimming, walking, pool therapy. These exercises are considered as a component of recovery as these aerobic exercises help in exchange of nutrients and fluids in the body.  These exercises also help in releasing endorphins, the natural painkiller of the body, which reduces the pain from sciatica.

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Sciatica surgery

If the sciatica pain is severe and there is no improvement in the last 6 to 12 weeks, then it may be necessary to go for sciatica surgery.  However, your doctor is the best person to decide whether you need lower back surgery or not.

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Insomnia and Depression

It is normal to feel sad once in a while. It is a normal emotional feeling that happens to a person that is not a cause of significant concern. However, whenever a person feels a persistent feeling of being down, sad and miserable, it can be a feeling of more than being normally sad. It can be a sign of depression, an emotional state that could not be taken lightly. Depression affects about 20 millions of Americans and can cause other disorders affecting sleep like insomnia. Sleep disturbances are very common among depressed individuals. Insomnia is in fact present in 80% of individuals with depression and is considered as a hallmark of many mood disorders.

Relationship betdiween insomnia and depression

The relationship between insomnia and depression is somehow a bit complex. In some cases, insomnia is more than just a symptom of depression. It can be a primary disorder affecting mood resulting in depression and not the other way around. But in most instances, insomnia and depression are almost present together in many affective and mood disorders and it is often difficult to identify which between the two is the primary disorder and merely a symptom.

Insomnia is characterized by the difficulty of falling asleep or staying asleep. Individuals with insomnia report that they find it difficult of falling asleep while others complain that they can easily fall asleep but with frequent awakening in the early morning. Some individuals report feeling depressed prior to their insomnia while others already experienced sleep problems before feeling a depression. Studies revealed that people who have insomnia have tenfold risks of getting a depression. This correlates the relationship between the depression and sleep disorders like insomnia.

Sleep disorder like insomnia results in sleep deprivation. As a result, the individual tends to experience frequent daytime sleepiness. Consequently, this prevents them to become productive throughout the day and unable to accomplish anything which results in the feeling of depression. Evidence has shown that individuals who experience both sleep maintenance and sleep onset insomnia are at higher risk of developing depression.

Causes of insomnia and depression

The causes of insomnia and depression may be the same or similar. It can be attributed to causes involving life events that may be transitional such as the death of a loved one, loss, divorce, unemployment or job loss, social isolation, relationships, personal conflicts and substance abuse. The presence of a medical condition can also result in the symptoms of insomnia and depression such as hypothyroidism, cancer, long term pain and hypoglycemia. Inherited genes also play a role in depression. A family history of bipolar disorder and other forms of major depression makes an individual vulnerable to depression. Medical researchers often find it difficult to point out the exact causes of insomnia and depression because it may involve a complex set of causes that are overlapping in symptoms. In many cases, improper diagnosis occurs because of the overlapping of one condition to another that cause the depression and insomnia.

Who are at risk of insomnia and depression?

Insomnia and depression can affect both the adult and young population. Among children, depression occurs indirectly and it is often diagnosed late as the child becomes of maturity age. Children who are depressed show changes in their eating and sleep patterns and changes in mood and temperament also take place. Younger children often show some headache and chronic stomach aches when depressed, but parents often mistaken it as a simple medical condition without considering depression as an underlying cause. As the child reaches adolescence, sleep disturbances become apparent resulting in the lack of interest of engaging in activities during the day and with the inclination to substance abuse or social isolation.

Both children and adolescents with depression are at higher risk of experiencing both hypersomnia, which is an excessive sleepiness and insomnia. Other risks involved with this population are weight loss and anhedonia, a condition with the inability to feel pleasure. Among adolescents who feel depressed, about 73% reported to have interrupted sleep or inability to sleep enough. Among children between the age of 11 and 17, there is a strong association of depression to sleep and mood disorders.

Older adults and women are at higher risks of depression and insomnia. Women usually feel depression due to hormonal changes during their menstrual period and menopause that increases the likelihood of sleeping problem and depression to occur. The adult population is more susceptible to insomnia and depression due to the presence of an existing medical condition or illness that cause them to develop depression and insomnia.

Coping strategies to overcome insomnia and depression

Because depression and sleep disorder like insomnia are intimately related, it is necessary to know different coping mechanisms to relieve the problem. Most of the time, relieving insomnia can help relieve depression and vice versa. The following are coping strategies that will help you overcome both insomnia and depression.

1. Establish a consistent sleeping schedule

Understand your body and the number of hours of sleep that make you feel rested. Some individuals feel comfortable in getting an 8 hour of sleep at night while others may take only 6 hours of sleep but feel alright during the day. Every individual has their own comfort zone of sleep patterns and it is important for you to determine yours. Try to establish your own sleeping pattern and make it a regular schedule. Sleeping at different hours at night can result in an irregular sleep pattern while establishing your own regular bed time will help the body cope and learn to make the body rest during those established hours of sleep. The body's circadian rhythm, also called as the body clock, will function better and you will feel sleepy almost at the same hour at night and wake up at almost the same time every day.

Lifestyle changes

Your activities can influence your sleeping behavior and you may need to review what activities are causing you a lot of stress that prevents you from getting a good night's sleep. If you have been drinking too much caffeine during the day, it can cause your body to be physically and mentally alert that prevents you from feeling sleepy. As a stimulant, caffeine is not good to take during the late afternoon as it can prevent you from getting a good sleep during bed time. Alcohol and nicotine have the same stimulating effect as caffeine in the body, thus you should avoid them if you want to get a better sleep at night.

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is helpful in treating depression and insomnia. What the therapy aims to provide is to help a person overcome their negative thoughts that are causing their insomnia and depression. It involves changing negative thoughts and habits into positive ones. The person learns to replace maladaptive behaviors into positive ones. It may also include some lifestyle changes to optimize the results of the treatment.

4. Social support

Social support plays an important role in relieving depression. It becomes easier to cope with stress and depression whenever you are surrounded by positive people who understands your condition and are willing to help reinforce positivities in your life. Consequently, depression is easier to handle which enables one to enjoy more peaceful sleep at night.

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Guillain Barre Syndrome

Guillain Barre Syndrome affects the nerve covering

Guillain Barre Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the peripheral nervous system is being attacked by the body's own immune system. Because the peripheral nerves are involved, the common symptoms experienced include weakness and abnormal sensation in the lower extremities. In certain instances, symmetrical weakness is felt not only in the lower legs, but also in the arms. The upper body may also be involved and the symptoms are progressively increasing until muscle paralysis occurs. When the condition already progresses to involve the upper part of the body, the muscles for breathing may be involved, which makes the condition life threatening. Cessation of breathing occurs which accounts in the incidence of death in Guillain Barre Syndrome.

Course of the Guillain Barre Syndrome

Guillain Barre Syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease and it can equally affect both men and women. Occuring with a ratio of 1:100,000, this disease results to polyneuropathy. The condition is progressive and may manifest initially during the first few days after the symptoms of the a gastrointestinal viral infection occur. The symptoms have its progressive course that may accelerate within a few weeks. Weakness becomes severe after two weeks of the initial manifestation of the symptoms. By the third week of the disease, about 90% of the patients with Guillain Barre Syndrome experience extreme weakness.

Causes of Guillain Barre Syndrome

So little is known what causes Guillain Barre Syndrome. An accurate finding, however, involves the immune system attacking the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves in the body. This makes Guillain Barre Syndrome an autoimmune disease. Instead of attacking foreign materials that are trying to invade the body, such as viruses and bacteria and other invading harmful microorganisms, the immune system attacks the outer covering of the axons of the nerves. The axon carries the transmission of nerve signals in the nervous system. Whenever its outer covering called the myelin sheath is attacked and destroyed by the immune system, there is a loss of transmission in the motor impulse along the nerves. As a result, the muscles are unable to perform its functions well, owing to the lack of motor signals that stimulate it to contract and respond to the brain's command that is carried through the peripheral network. Other potential causes of Guillain Barre Syndrome include viral infection.

Diagnosing Guillain Barre Syndrome

To diagnose the condition, a physical assessment is usually undertaken while considering the pattern of weakness occurring as its symptoms. Guillain Barre Syndrome produces a classic sign of progressive weakness that usually begins from the lower or distal extremities that moves upward. It usually affects both sides of the body and may progress within weeks. Muscle weakness is a common manifestation of the disease and there are collective symptoms that occur accompanying the muscle weakness. This includes a weak reflex indicating that poor or slow signal travels along the nerve. The decreased nerve conduction velocity based on the neurological tests conducted by a doctor can be indicative of peripheral neuropathy. On many occasions, however, the early signs of the Guillain Barre Syndrome may vary from one individual to another which produces symptoms that are also overlapping with other medical conditions. The presence of muscle weakness can help provide a better medical impression that there is Guillain Barre Syndrome because its progression is faster than any other diseases, usually in a matter of days or weeks only, in contrast to the muscle weakness in other diseases that may take months.

Treatment of Guillain Barre Syndrome

The common treatment for the condition is a plasma exchange which involves the removal of the blood plasma from the blood cells in order to remove the antibodies that are attacking the nerves. Immunoglobulin therapy is also administered which involves the replacement of the antibodies from blood donors to block the antibodies attacking the nerves.

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