Neck Sprain

Neck sprain refers to a stretch or tear that occurs in one or more of the cervical vertebrae when a sudden movement such as collision in a case of motor vehicle accidents or a hard fall causing one's neck to twist to an intense position. These seven bones of the spinal discourse in the neckline are connected to each other by tendons and muscles forming strong bands that act like thick rubber band which when interfered with, causes neck strain or sprain.

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of neck sprain include pain when rocking the head from side to side or when doing it forward and backward, tenderness, headaches at the base of the head radiating near the forehead; and neck muscles feeling hard or knotted with decreased range of motion.

An individual having a neck sprain may experience a wide range of probable signs and symptoms such as tingling or weakness in the arms, pain particularly in the back of the neck that worsens with when one moves about, pain that becomes worse a day or so after the injury instead of instantly, muscle spasms and pain experienced in one's upper shoulder, headache in the backside of the head, sore throat, increased irritability, exhaustion, sleeping problems, difficulty when concentrating, numbness in the arm and neck stiffness or decreased range of motion.

Causes

The structure of the cervical vertebrae is such that it houses the delicate spinal cord while providing support to the head and permits flexible mobility and a range of motion. However, the same engineering that allows the flexibility of the spine may also leave it susceptible to injury.  Other causes of this condition include spending too much time in an awkward position such as viewing a computer for a long duration of time in a gauche position, in a steering wheel or cradling a handset in the crook of the collar.

In addition, if one sleeps using a pillow that is too high or is hard can strain his or her neck; carrying a heavy object on one side of the body is a recipe for neck sprain, other trauma that impact on the neck or a fall that lands one on the top of the head “ all are causes of neck sprain.

Treatment

Sprains and strains are treated in a similar manner notwithstanding their location in the body. Neck sprains just like other forms of sprains, usually heal steadily when give proper treatment and ample time to heal. Besides, one may be forced to wear a soft collar around his or her neck during healing period to relieve pressure on the ligaments and support the head.

Comparatively, use of pain relievers like ibuprofen can help in reducing swelling and associated pain; spasms can be reduced by use of muscle relaxants, and application of an ice pack several times a day for the first three days after the injury.  Moist heat can also be applied slowly to loosen cramped muscles. All these methods of treatments are aimed at reducing irritation and anxiety during injury. Further treatment methods are massaging the area, use of ultrasound, neck traction and isometric use.

Prevention

Stretching regularly and performing strengthening exercises for you fitness, sport or recreational activities is an ideal means of preventing sprains. In case your job is physically demanding, following a regular conditioning and stretching routine is most likely going to help reduce your risk. Make sure you do not strain your neck while doing strenuous activities and isolation workouts such as crunches. If you feel that your neck is straining, give yourself a moment to roll your neck in both directions before resuming your work.

References

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CFIQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.clevelandclinic.org%2Fdisorders%2Fneck%2Fhic_neck_sprain.aspx&ei=qTlfU-yGJMSlO_eQgdAP&usg=AFQjCNGhTlWy8S1azJodMj6-l80LqsBeew&cad=rja

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spine-health.com%2Fconditions%2Fneck-pain%2Fneck-strain-causes-and-remedies&ei=qTlfU-yGJMSlO_eQgdAP&usg=AFQjCNHCPseRpNHJ3VRAiCw_EJuNa3D_hA&cad=rja

A rash is a noticeable discoloration to the skin color or texture which may last for different amount of time, becoming itchy, scaly, bumpy or inflamed. Rashes in adults are caused by different conditions such as allergies, cosmetic, other forms of medications and diseases.

Causes

It is caused by conditions including contact dermatitis. This occurs when one touches something that causes reaction, beauty products, soaps, dyes in clothing, chemicals in rubber and poisonous plants like poison sumac, ivy and oak. Another cause of rashes in adults is medication leading to drug rash. This comes in the form of an allergic reaction, a side effect and a result of sensitivity to sunshine. Medical disease causes include a long-term disorder of the autoimmune system and a long time inflammation of the joints.

Home remedies

Most contact rashes can be treated at home by using gentle cleaners instead of soap, use of warm water instead of hot water to wash, pat rash dry as opposed to rubbing, avoid covering the rash with clothing in order for it to breathe; and stop the use of any new cosmetics or lotions since they might have triggered the rash.

Avoid scratching the rash in case it itches. Instead, try an over the counter cream that can soothe rashes especially those that are caused by chicken pox and poison sumac. Wash your hair and scalp regularly with dandruff shampoo. This is because dandruffs are commonly caused by oily skin, fatigue, not washing the hair enough or by weather.

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of rashes in adults include fever, swollen lymph glands, vomiting, hives, confusion, unconsciousness, abdominal cramps, difficulty breathing or even a severe allergy and life threatening reaction known as anaphylaxis.  Other signs of an autoimmune disorder like lupus may include poor appetite, joint swelling and fatigue.

An individual should seek immediate medical attention if  he or she has unrelenting pain or discoloration, tightness of the throat, face swelling, a new rash, fever exceeding 100 degrees F, dizziness, severe neck pain, repeated diarrhea or vomiting, red streaks or has been bitten by a tick.

Prevention

Prevention of rashes in adults depends on the cause of the rash. One should check immunization dates of his children to avoid opportunistic infections. Ensure frequent washing of hands, regular bathing and avoid sharing of personal clothing. Besides, one should wear light-colored clothes that cover most of the skin and contrasts with the dark tick will prevent Lyme. Avoid specific food, cosmetics or drugs that causes allergic reactions, do not take medicine that has been prescribed for someone else. An allergist should offer a desensitization therapy in case one is allergic to insect stings.

Additionally, one may also require a bee sting kit with medications to prevent potentially life threatening reactions due to the stings. When sensitive to chemicals in cleaning products, you should change to laundry soaps and fabric softeners which do not have dyes and colognes. For inflammation as a result of cosmetics, avoid products that contain skin irritating fragrances.

Treatment

This also depends on the cause of the rash for instance, bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics, fungal infections treated with antifungal drugs while many viral infections causing rash require no medication as they disappear on their own. Life threatening allergic reactions should be treated immediately with medications that open the narrowed airways and moves up the risky low blood pressure; and ice to relieve swelling and itching. The skin should also be flushed thoroughly using a warm water to get rid of the allergic substance and avoid spreading it over the skin.

References

https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fhealth%2Frashes&ei=PDpfU9quOKWv7Aai_oGwDg&usg=AFQjCNF-5JWRc9GmkE4jFK_c7LqgGMSQZw&bvm=bv.65397613,d.ZWU

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Rectal Pain

Rectal pain or anal pain refers to the pain in and around one's anus or perianal region that can either be benign or severe due to many nerve endings in the perianal region. Most of the conditions causing rectal pain may often form the root cause of rectal bleeding, which often becomes more scary than serious. Besides, the causes of rectal pain can be easily diagnosed and is generally treated with the use of over the counter ache relievers and warm water soaks.

Causes

The causes of rectal pain include anal cancer, a little tear in the anal canal lining, anal sex, anorectal fistula, chronic constipation, tailbone pain, colon cancer, a type of inflammatory bowel illness called crohn's disease. Besides, there is diarrhea, fecal impaction, hemorrhoids, spasm in muscles surrounding the anus, perianal hematoma, and perianal abscess, fleeting pain due to rectal muscle spasm, proctitis, solitary rectal syndrome, trauma and ulcerative colitis.

Signs and symptoms

Rectal pain refers to the common pain in the lower part of the gastrointestinal area resulting from condition such as anal fissures or hermorrhoids. This disease can also take place with inflammatory ailment of the bowel, slight injuries to the area or confined infections. Some rare causes of rectal pain can be accompanied by other symptoms such as rectal bleeding and cancers. Patients with rectal pain will experience symptoms like blood in their stool, rectal bleeding and buttock pain.

Treatment

Since the attacks last for such a brief duration of time, there is no treatment that lasts fast enough as to stop such an attack. In order to control the pain of levator ani syndrome, the general practitioner may prescribe an anti inflammatory drug or a muscle relaxer. In addition, the ideal time to treat thrombosed haemorrhoid is in the early 48 hours and a visit to a doctor during such time may require a simple procedure to bring an immediate relief to the patient. The general practitioner can also prescribe creams or stool softeners to heal an anal fissure but if it does not heal, a simple procedure called sphincterotomy might be required.

Seek immediate medical help if:

• If you experience a severe amount of rectal bleeding
• If rectal bleeding does not stop and is accompanied with dizziness, lightheadedness and feeling faint
• If rectal pain worsens and spreads or is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, chills or discharge

Prevention

The ideal method of preventing rectal pain is by eating a high fibre diet and drinking plenty of water as doing so enables individuals to produce soft stools that are easy to pass thus minimal trauma to the anal passage. Thrombosed haemorrhoids are commonly treated using a simple practice and many cases of anal fissures get cured within a period of 3 weeks. Many people suffering from levator ani syndrome do get some relief with treatment. Proctalgia fugax is still the most complicated to treat in as much as innovative therapies are being tested.

Self care and home remedies

The following measures should be tried at home to get relief from rectal pain: eating more fruits, sitting in a tub of hot water several times a day to ease the pain of hemorrhoids, muscle spasms and anal fissures. Further, applying over the counter hemorrhoid cream for hemorrhoids and taking over the counter pain relievers as prescribed by a doctor is essential; Massage the levator ani muscles in order to alleviate the muscle spasm and ensuring that one uses stool softeners and extra fibre to relieve severe ache with bowel movements.

References

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CGMQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fsymptoms%2Fanal-pain%2Fbasics%2Fdefinition%2Fsym-20050918&ei=E61bU_XsFaXs4wTptoHgCQ&usg=AFQjCNFMLRJrLCk2wgzF4IrikUIDZ86kwQ&bvm=bv.65397613,d.bGE

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Achilles Tendonitis

Achilles tendonitis refers to an overuse of one's band of tissue connecting calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to a person's heel bone, called the Achilles tendon. This condition is mostly common in runners who have abruptly increased the duration of their runs and in middle-aged people involved in sports like basketball and tennis only on weekends. It is noted that Achilles cases are commonly treated with comparatively simple home care solutions under the supervision of a qualified general practitioner.

Signs and symptoms

The acute pain that accompanies Achilles tendonitis begins as mild pain at the rear part of the leg or at the top of the heel after running. When athletic running or physical activity is prolonged, the episodes of more severe pain may occur. Another symptom of Achilles tendonitis is the experience of tenderness or stiffness in the morning which improves with gentle activity. Victims should therefore seek immediate medical attention in case the pain becomes unbearable as he or she might be having a ruptured Achilles tendon.

Causes

Achilles tendinitis is caused by recurring and strong sprain on the Achilles tendon used in walking, running, jumping or pushing up on a person's toes. This Achilles tendon weakens as a person becomes aged and this makes it more prone to injury especially in individuals who participate in sports only during weekends and those who have suddenly raised the concentration of their sports activity.

Risk factors

Several factors may augment a person's risk of Achilles tendinitis including one's sex and age. This is especially common in middle-aged men and adolescents. Other physical problems such as obesity and tight calf can possibly increase tendon strain or training choices such as running in worn out shoes puts more strain in Achilles tendon, medical conditions like diabetic people or those with high blood pressure and certain types of antibiotics have been associated with greater rates of Achilles tendinitis.

Complications

Achilles tendonitis manifests itself through various complications which may be long-term and may inhibit the victim from the performance of his or her normal daily chores due to the accompanying pain. Achilles tendinitis may weaken the ligament and make it more exposed to a rupture which is excruciating injury that often requires surgery.

Treatment

Achilles tendinitis usually becomes better with self-care measures but if the signs and symptoms of the condition become severe, other treatment options may be recommended by a general practitioner. Treatment options that a physical therapist may suggest include orthotic devices for instance, relieving strain on the tendon through insertion of a shoe or wedge that insignificantly raises the heel and specific stretching and strengthening exercises to enable one to improve his healing process.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Home remedies to Achilles tendonitis consist of steps commonly known by the acronym R.I.C.E. This include Rest by avoiding exercise for some days, applying an Ice pack to the tendon when one experiences pain, Compression through elastic bandages to reduce swelling and limit movement of the tendon and Elevation of the affected area above the level of the heart to reduce swelling.

Prevention

While it may be impossible to put a stop to Achilles tendinitis, one can seize measures to decrease the associated risk by increasing the level of activity gradually, avoiding activities that stresses the tendons such as hill running, choosing the shoes carefully, daily stretching, strengthening of the calf muscles and cross training through alternative high impact activities like jumping, running exchanged with cycling and swimming.

References

https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDkQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fachilles-tendinitis%2Fbasics%2Fdefinition%2Fcon-20024518&ei=r3ZsU9HeNIXiOpfzgLgE&usg=AFQjCNH8SVLNWyMdXa4db9JnJUH0xRh3cA&bvm=bv.66330100,d.ZWU

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Tooth Decay

Tooth decay commonly known as cavities refers to the permanently damaged areas in the hard façade of one's teeth that usually develop into small openings. This situation is normally caused by a number of factors such as sipping sugary drinks, regular snacking, not cleaning one's mouth as required and the presence of bacteria in the mouth. Tooth decay is more common in children, adolescents and older adults. However, anybody with teeth has the potential of getting cavities.

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of tooth decay differ depending on its extent and the location of the cavity. A dentist may assist in seeing the beginning of decay and may recommend steps aimed at keeping it from worsening. This is because one may not have any symptoms at all when a cavity is starting. When the decay gets larger, signs and symptoms that are experiencing include toothache, tooth sensitivity, pus around the tooth when one presses on his gums, pain when biting down, noticeable holes in the teeth and mild to sharp pain when one eats or drinks a hot, cold or sweet food.

Causes

Cavities are commonly caused by tooth decay which occurs over time due to bacteria that damages the enamel of the teeth. This process may happen without any obvious anxiety then deepens to the deeper layers of the teeth in three steps: formation of a plaque by the bacteria, acids, saliva and food particles, then plaque attacks through erosion causing tiny openings in the enamel and lastly, destruction of the teeth by the bacteria continues, where the bacteria and acid march through the teeth and into the pulp containing nerves and blood vessels. This leads to tooth abscess.

Risk factors

Cavities are one of our most widespread universal health troubles. Anybody with teeth is at risk of getting tooth decay. However, factors that can increase risk of tooth decay include tooth location, certain foods and drinks, frequent snacking or sipping, bedtime infant feeding, inadequate brushing of teeth,  not getting enough fluoride, younger or older age, dry mouth, dental devices or worn fillings, eating disorders, heartburn and certain cancer treatments.

Complications

Tooth decay are so common in people that they are often taken lightly, others may feel that it does not matter if their young ones get cavities in their baby teeth. However, cavities and tooth decay have serious and long-lasting complications in both adults and children such as pain, tooth abscess, tooth loss, broken teeth, chewing problems and serious infections.

Further, when the cavities become painful, ones daily living becomes hampered as such pain may prevent him or her from going to work or even school. One might lose weight as it becomes difficult to eat or chew. Very painful cavities that affect the appearance or lead to tooth loss also interferes with one's self esteem and confidence and in exceptional cases, an abscess form a cavity can lead to life threatening infections if not treated well.

Treatment

Treating cavities depend on how severe they are and the particular situation of the patient. Options for treatment include fluoride treatments as fluoride is a mineral that assists the teeth repair themselves during initial stages of damage, fillings, crowns, root canals and tooth extractions.

Prevention

Maintaining proper oral and dental hygiene help in keeping the teeth intact by avoiding cavities and tooth decay. Tips that help in preventing cavities include brushing teeth after eating or drinking, rinsing the mouth with fluoride on recommendation of a dentist, regular visit to a dentist, consider dental sealants, drink some tap water, avoid frequent snacking and sipping, eat tooth healthy foods, consider fluoride treatments especially if one is not getting enough fluoride and ask about antibacterial treatments.

References

https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0CCcQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Foral-health%2Ftc%2Ftooth-decay-topic-overview&ei=c3hsU-yCFYOM7Aax6IC4Cw&usg=AFQjCNFEIgKQv66dl9uX_LtSXHJOBTMpUA&bvm=bv.66330100,d.ZWU

https://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&sqi=2&ved=0CEgQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fcavities%2Fbasics%2Fdefinition%2Fcon-20030076&ei=c3hsU-yCFYOM7Aax6IC4Cw&usg=AFQjCNHBDKE4NdQYZFqC4XZHrIGZUGBdpA&bvm=bv.66330100,d.ZWU

Joint Pain

Joint pain refers to the discomfort that comes from the point where two or more bones meet in the body; commonly referred to as the joint. It is at times called arthritis or arthralgia. This kind of bone pain can be mild and cause soreness each time one moves his or her joint or can be severe, bringing problems when using the joint. Joint pain is not often a crisis as many cases of mild joint pain are effectively managed at home.

Causes

The causes of joint pain may include numerous conditions such as adult still's disease, ankylosing spendytis, avascular necrosis, bone cancer, broken bone, bursitis,  complex regional pain syndrome, dislocation, fibromyalgia, gout, hemochromatosis, hypothyroidism, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, leukemia, lupus, Lyme disease, osteomalacia, osteomelyelitis, Paget's disease of bone, pseudo gout, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, rickets, sprains and strains, tendonitis, septic arthritis and sarcoidosis. An individual suffering from any of the above medical conditions stand a great risk of developing joint pains.

Symptoms

When a person experiences joint pain accompanied by swelling, redness, softness and warmth in areas surrounding the joint, he or she should make an appointment and see a general practitioner for immediate medical attention. Other symptoms of joint pain include joint deformity, inability to use the joint, intense pain and rapid swelling of the affected area. Patients may also experience joint stiffness, joint swelling and muscle cramps. Joint pain may also arise due to damage to any of the ligaments and tendons adjacent to the joint, injury to the cartilage and bones within the joint.

When to seek medical help

See your doctor if joint pain is accompanied by any of the following:

• Swelling
• Redness
• Warmth and tenderness around the affected joint

Immediate help should be sought in any of the following causes:

• Joint deformity
• Intense pain
• Inability to use the affected joint
• Sudden swelling around the joint

Home remedies and lifestyle changes

Home remedies and lifestyle changes include activities that can be practiced at home to relieve or reduce the susceptibility to joint pains. Such measures include avoiding the use of joint in ways that can make the pain worse, applying an ice pack to the painful joint and trying pain relievers obtainable from over the counter such as ibrufen. These home remedies can greatly be successful when caring for mild joint pain.

Treatment

The treatment of joint pains depends on its specific cause since the underlying cause may be treated at the onset. Treatment entails joint replacement surgery for the damaged joints, immunosuppressant for dysfunction of the immune system, antibiotics in case the cause is due to infection, and in a situation of allergy, discontinuing medication.

When treating the main cause of joint pain, pain management can still play a key role whose extent varies depending on the precise cause of the arthralgia. Managing pain may be through regular stretching exercises, use of prescribed pain medications, over the counter drugs and other treatments considered suitable for the signs and symptoms of joint pains.

For instance, Capsaicin a substance that is commonly found in chili peppers is capable of relieving joint pain from arthritis and other related illnesses. It works by blocking substances mandated with the transmission of pain signals while triggering the release of chemicals in the body called endorphins, which block pain. However, the capsaicin cream has side effects which include burning or stinging in the body locations where it is applied. Another current option in joint pain treatment is an arthritis cream which contains methyl salicylate.

References

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CE4QFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthline.com%2Fsymptom%2Fjoint-pain&ei=VKxbU7ubJamk4gT-woAo&usg=AFQjCNHOWsYSyL7p8NdOVV-2GSCbXRbMxA&bvm=bv.65397613,d.bGE

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Cellulitis

Cellulitis is a common, potentially severe bacterial infection that affects the skin surface and other tissues underlying the skin spreading to the lymph nodes and to the bloodstream. This condition come out as swollen, red area of the skin that has a hot sensation and tender and it may extend swiftly. Cellulitis often affect the skin on the lower legs; if left untreated, the spreading infection may speedily turn fatal.

Signs and symptoms

Possible signs and symptoms of cellulitis are redness, swelling, tenderness, pain, warmth and fever. The skin changes might be accompanied by a fever expanding the area of redness and tiny red spots may appear on top of the reddened skin. Occasionally, small blisters may form and burst. When a victim notices a red, swollen and tender rash that rapidly expands, and is changing; and has fever, he or she should seek treatment immediately because the condition can cause serious infection in the body.

Causes

Cellulitis comes about as a result of the entry of streptococcus or staphylococcus types of bacteria through a crack or break in the skin. While cellulitis can occur anywhere on an individual's body, it most often than not affects the lower leg. The bacteria will possibly enter disrupted areas of skin for instance where one has had recent surgery, an ulcer, through cuts, puncture wounds or dermatitis. In addition, cellulitis may be transmitted through certain insect bites, through swollen skin and in areas of dirty, flaky skin.

Risk factors

The following factors can increase a person's susceptibility to developing cellulitis: a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS, chronic leukemia, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease; certain skin conditions like athlete's foot, shingles or chickenpox cause breaks in the skin, any cut, burn or fracture. Besides, chronic swelling of the arms or legs, people with history of cellulitis and obese people stand a higher risk of developing cellulitis.

Complications

The reddened skin may mean a deeper and more serious illness in the underlying layers of one's skin. When the bacteria get deep inside the skin, it can spread rapidly throughout the body, entering the lymph nodes and bloodstream. Repeated episodes of cellulitis often leads damages the lymphatic drainage system and causes chronic swelling of the affected edge.

Treatment

The treatment generally is a prescription oral antibiotic which may be taken up to a period of two weeks.  The general practitioner will know within three days of starting an antibiotic whether the infection is responding to treatment. In most cases the symptoms of cellulitis disappear after a few days, but if they don’t clear up, one may need to be hospitalized and receive antibiotics intravenously. The doctor also might suggest elevating the affected area to speed up the recovery.

Prevention

Wash the wound daily with soap and water gently to prevent aggravation, apply an antibiotic cream or ointment to provide protection to the surface wound and watch for the signs of infection such as redness, and pain. Practice good hygiene and avoid sharing your personal belongings such as towels and clothes with members of your family or teammates.

Diabetic individuals and those with poor circulation should be extremely wary of their skins to prevent skin wounds and treat any cuts quickly. Such skin care measures include moisturizing the skin regularly, regular checking of the feet for signs of injury, carefully trimming the fingernails and toenails, wearing appropriate footwear and gloves and promptly treating superficial skin disease for instance athlete's foot.

References

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCUQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fcellulitis%2Fbasics%2Fdefinition%2Fcon-20023471&ei=LKtbU86aLMvU4QSB5IFg&usg=AFQjCNGd0q8PhdZ7kgzSPTH7igKIDh5wkA&bvm=bv.65397613,d.bGE

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Barrett's Esophagus

Barrett's Esophagus

Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal change in the normal tissue lining of the lower esophagus- the swallowing tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It usually occurs when the lower esophageal cells are repeatedly exposed to stomach acid. It is a serious complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)- a chronic regurgitation of acid from the stomach to the lower esophagus.

Barrett’s esophagus does not present any specific symptoms, although patients with Barrett’s esophagus may have GERD-related symptoms such as heartburns. If diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus has been made, routine examinations are important because it poses a serious risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma- a life-threatening cancer of the esophagus.

Periodic examinations are very important in preventing development of esophageal cancer. If precancerous esophageal cells are discovered at the earliest time possible, treatment can be more effective.

Does GERD cause Barrett's Esophagus?

Not always. Studies show that not everyone with GERD can develop Barrett's esophagus and not everyone with Barrett's esophagus has or develops GERD. However, long-term GERD may be a major risk factor for most people.

Anybody is capable of developing Barrett’s esophagus however, common risk factors include being male and being white. While men with long-term GERD are more susceptible to the disease than others.

Other risk factors of Barrett’s esophagus include the commencement of GERD at a younger age and having a history of smoking or smoking currently.

Causes

The exact cause of Barrett's esophagus is still unknown. However, its occurrence is likely associated with GERD wherein acid reflux from the stomach damages the lining and cells of the esophagus. As the esophagus tries to heal on its own, the cells abnormally change leading to the development of Barrett's esophagus. Other risk factors include obesity, smoking and genetics.

Signs and Symptoms

Barrett's esophagus does not have any specific symptoms. However, its symptoms are most likely related to acid reflux such as:

• Frequent and prolonged heartburn
• Swallowing difficulty
• Pain in the chest
• Abdominal pain when eating
• Chronic cough

Complications

There is a greater risk of developing esophageal cancer if Barrett's esophagus is left untreated. Although the cause is unknown, damaged cells in the esophagus may undergo precancerous changes. Frequent examinations may be necessary to prevent development of esophageal cancer and proper treatment can be given.

Test and Diagnosis

The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is generally based on endoscopic and microscopic findings. A procedure called endoscopy is used to examine the esophagus in which a lighted tube with a tiny camera is passed through your throat to the esophagus to determine if there is unusual changes in the esophageal tissues. A person with Barrett's esophagus has a tissue that appears red and velvety while a normal tissue appears pale and glossy.

The doctor will also get an esophageal tissue specimen for laboratory testing to determine the stage of cell changes.

Treatment

The treatment for Barrett's esophagus depends on the person's over-all health or on the severity of the cell changes (dysplasia) in the esophagus. People with Barrett's esophagus who have GERD are given acid-suppressing medications such as omeprazole (Prilosec) or esomeprazole (Nexium).

Laser procedures such as photodynamic therapy and radiofrequency ablation can be utilized to destroy precancerous cells and cancerous cells in the esophagus. In severe cases, surgical removal of the esophagus (esophagectomy) may be performed.

Prevention

Dietary change is necessary to lower the risk of Barrett's esophagus. A high intake of fruits, vegetables, and vitamins may help prevent the disease. In addition, people who are overweight may consider losing weight to prevent their risk.

References

https://www.webmd.com/heartburn-gerd/guide/barretts-esophagus-symptoms-causes-and-treatments

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/about-cancer/cancer-questions/what-is-barretts-oesophagus

Barber's itch

Barber's itch, also called sycosis barbae, is an inflammatory condition of hair follicles in the beard area of the face. It is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and becomes aggravated by shaving or rough fabrics. Barber's itch is a variation of Folliculitis, the general term used for infection of the hair follicles.

The infection is usually characterized by a small-white pus-filled pimples around the tiny pockets of one or more hair follicles. It is usually mild, however,  itching can be uncomfortable and embarrassing. On some occasions, it is painful too.

Mild folliculitis clears up on its own within a few days. However, severe infection may cause scarring and permanent loss of hair. Deep recurring infection might require medical treatment.

Causes

Usually, barber's itch is caused by a Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The bacterial invasion mostly occurs when you have damaged hair follicles.  Damaged hair follicles can be caused by the following:

¢           Excessive shaving or tight clothing

¢           Excessive sweating

¢           Inflammatory skin conditions, including dermatitis and acne

Risk factors

Although anyone can develop, certain risk factors make them more vulnerable, such as:

• Medical conditions which suppress your resistance to infection, such as chronic leukemia, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and organ transplantation
• Skin trauma from injury or surgery
• Preexisting skin conditions such as dermatitis and acne
• Long-term antibiotic acne therapies
• Topical corticosteroid therapy
• Being overweight or obese
• Prolonged usage of heat-trapping clothing such as waders and high boots
• Bathing in hot water

Signs and Symptoms

Barber's itch is usually marked by an itchy, small white pus-filled pimples in the beard area of the face. It usually occurs when men begin shaving that causes scarring and makes the skin susceptible to bacterial invasion and infection. Small pustules appear at first on the upper lip, chin and jaw, then become more prevalent as shaving continues.

Complications

Mild cases of barber's itch may not cause serious complications. However, severe cases can cause furunculosis (larger red bumps that are more painful), scarring and permanent hair loss.

Test and Diagnosis

Barber's itch is usually diagnosed based on the general appearance of the skin. In some cases, a microbial culture of the pus may be sent to the laboratory to determine presence of bacteria. In some cases, a small skin biopsy may be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment and Drugs

Barber's itch usually disappears on its own in about a few weeks. However, persistent and recurring infection will likely require treatment. Treatment varies depending on the severity of the infection. In most cases, a topical or oral antibiotic cream is prescribed. Your doctor may also recommend to avoid shaving in the area during the entire course of treatment or until the infection heals. If you must shave, electric razor or clean razor blade is recommended.

If the infection becomes so severe and keeps coming back, laser treatment may be an option.

Prevention

For those who do not prefer using medications, there are many ways to prevent barber's itch or keep it from spreading:

¢           Use mild antibacterial soap during bath or shower. Bath or shower after vigorous activities to avoid oils from building up inside the skin pores.

¢           Avoid sharing towels, washcloths, or other personal items. Make sure also that towel used on the face is always clean.

¢           Avoid scratching the bumps.

¢           Avoid shaving the bumps. If you must shave, change the razor blade each time.

¢           Avoid using oils on your skin. Oils can trap bacteria in the pores of your skin and can cause folliculitis.

References

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000823.htm

https://www.howtogetridofstuff.com/how-to-get-rid-of-barbers-itch

Gout

This common male arthritis comes about because of excessive uric acid in the blood causing an attack of sudden burning pain, swelling in a joint and stiffness. It is worth noting that having excess uric acid is not harmful and most people do not get gout even though they may have too much of the acid in their blood system. However, gout only arises when such high levels of uric acid form hard crystals in one's joints.

Risk factors

People with high levels of uric acid in their bodies are more at risk of gout than others. Some factors that may increase your risk by increasing uric acid levels include:

• Certain lifestyle factors. Some lifestyle choices such as alcohol consumption
• Medical condition. Some health conditions may increase chances of gout. Examples include, untreated hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol and arteriosclerosis
• Certain medication. Medications such as thiazide diuretics, used for hypertension, and low-dose aspirin can raise uric acid levels in the body. Anti-rejection drugs given to those undergoing organ transplant may increase uric acid levels as well
• Family history. If a member of your family has gout, chances are that you may have it too
• Age and sex. Women are most likely targets because they have higher uric acid levels. Moreover, post-menopausal have a higher risk. Men and women are most at risk between ages 40 and 50

Causes

An alcoholic, one eating excess meat and fish rich in chemicals called purines, and an overweight are vulnerable to gout. Besides, other medicines that decrease the amount of salt and water in body or aspirin cause gout. Certain conditions like rapid weight loss, high blood pressure or undergoing surgery are among causes of gout.

Symptoms

Intense pain that often starts at night and lasts for hours, extreme tenderness, warmth, swelling usually of one's big toe are signs. Further, the affected joint begin showing very red and purplish skin appearing infected, there is almost no movement in that same joint. Peeling and itching of the skin surrounding the affected joint as the gout gets better.

However, some people having chronic gout may not experience as many painful attacks as they may have gout almost all the time. This is more often than not confused with other forms of arthritis. Gout causes irritation of the fluid sacs that cushion tissues like the elbow and knee, affect the joints of ankles, wrists, knee, and fingers.

Treatment

Aims of treating gout are to relieve the patient of pain and prevent future gout attacks and other long-term complications like destruction of the joint and kidney. Its treatment also depends on whether one has an acute attack, is managing long-term gout and prevents future attacks.

In acute attacks, rest the affected joint, use ice to reduce swelling and probably use short-term medicines at the first sign of attack as prescribed by general practitioner. However, managing long-term gout and preventing future attacks, requires prescribed medicines for pain, taking necessary steps to reduce the risk of future attacks, managing weight through regular exercises, limiting alcohol consumption, meat and sea food; drink a lot of water and other fluids

Prevention

Entails controlling weight through eating foods low on fat. Meanwhile, avoid fasting or very low-calorie diet because they increase the amount of uric acid that is a recipe for gout. Follow a reasonable exercise plan limiting alcohol intake. Consequently, limit diets high in meat and seafood or high-purine foods. A general practitioner may also advise on the medicines to take to prevent the condition to avoid raising the uric acid level.

Risk factors

Things that either cause gout or increases vulnerability include: having a family history of gout and being male. Other diseases also affect people who have gout than those without it. Gout therefore, may share risk factors such as obesity and hypertension with other diseases.

References

https://www.patient.co.uk/health/gout-leaflet

https://www.webmd.com/arthritis/tc/gout-topic-overview

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