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New Weapons against Multidrug Resistance in Tuberculosis

Nov 20, 2014

3694

Tuberculosis

In a study carried out by the scientists at the EPFL, scientists have reported that they have discovered two small molecules using a high-throughput screening assay that could overcome the tuberculosis bacteria which are multi drug resistant.

Caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), tuberculosis is an infectious disease which is characterized by lung infection. It was estimated by the World Health Organization that in the year 2012, tuberculosis affected 8.6 million people world and as many as 1.4 million people succumbed to death due to it. The treatment of tuberculosis typically spans over several months and the process of treatment is often hampered because the bacteria often develop antibiotic resistance. That is the reason why there has been a growing need for finding out alternative medications and drug screening methods. For developing them it is important that the molecular machinery used by Mtb to infect a person is understood in a better way.

The new study at EPFL has discovered two small molecules that show remarkable promise in the fight against tuberculosis. The report on the research has been published in the journal Cell Host & Microbe.

In a person affected with tuberculosis the mycobacterium enters and infects the lung’s immune cells, the macrophages which renders them unable to digest and eradicate the bacterium. Although tuberculosis is an old disease, it is not easy to treat it as current antibiotic regimens last over six months. The biggest hurdle is that in the course of the treatment process, Mtb starts showing increased resistance to drugs.

The team of Stewart Cole at EPFL’s Global Health Institute developed a drug-screening assay which has the ability to explore thousands of compounds simultaneously. The strategy found by the researchers involves targeting the molecular machinery which is used by Mtb to infect lung cells. It has been observed that Mtb uses a specialized secretion system to release “virulence proteins” upon infection. Once secreted, these proteins aid the bacterium in invading the cells of a person’s lungs and replicate itself. They also break down the infected cells, destroy the lung tissue and allow the Mtb to escape and spread.

For this experiment human lung cells were used by the scientists. These cells were grown inside the wells of specialized culture plates. The cells were infected with Mtb and then incubated with different compounds. These compounds had the ability to abolish the cell lysis caused by a potent virulence protein called “EsxA”. They then quantified the survival rate of the cells using fluorescent staining. The researchers were able to screen a total of 10,880 different compounds, from a library of a pharmaceutical company working on tuberculosis.

Cole's team used the screening method and narrowed down the compound to two namely BBH7 and BTP15. These are the ones that showed great promise in their activity against Mtb. It was observed that they were able to inhibit the secretion of the virulence protein EsxA. They also exert multiple effects against the molecular apparatus of Mtb that secretes EsxA and it reduced the functionality of its different components.

What makes this approach different is that rather than trying to kill Mtb, it disarms it to prevent tissue damage remarked Steward Cole. He added that this approach could be used as a part of a larger treatment in combination with conventional drugs. This means that any drugs based on BBH7 and BTP15 would fight against Mtb indirectly as it would help the patient’s immune cells which would then kill the bacterium.

The plan of Cole's team now is that they want to test different combination of compounds to see if they can improve the efficiency of BBH7 and BTP15 against Mtb. Also, they want to apply their screening method on other bacteria.

References

https://actu.epfl.ch/news/new-weapons-against-multi-drug-resistance-in-tuber/

https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-10/epfd-nwa100714.php

Conspicuous tRNA Lookalikes Riddle the Human Genome

Nov 19, 2014

3559

Transfer tRNAs are part of the processes taking part in the cells that create proteins needed to keep a cell running smoothly.

In a new study, it has been suggested that it is likely that the number of human genomic loci which could be coding for tRNAs are nearly double of what is known today. The newly identified loci show resemblance to the sequences of mitochondrial tRNAs which suggests that there are unexpected new links between the human nuclear and mitochondrial genomes which are not currently understood by scientists till now. The tRNAs are an integral part of the process of translation of a messenger mRNA into a sequence of amino acids. TRNAs which are the non-coding RNA molecules can be found in all three kingdoms of life i.e., in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes.

At the DNA level, a triplet of consecutive nucleotides known as the “codon” is used to encode an amino acid. There are 61 distinct codons which encodes the 20 standard human amino acids. When the translation occurs, each of the codons contained in the coding region of the mRNA at hand is recognized by its matching tRNA and the corresponding amino acid added to the nascent amino acid sequence.

We have known for many years now that each of these 61 tRNAs has multiple copies spread throughout the genome which is found in the human nucleus. The presence of multiple genomic loci from which the same molecule can be made is a process of genomic organization. By processing these loci in parallel ensures that adequate amounts of each tRNA can be generated quickly enough to meet the high demand that the amino acid translation process imposes on the cell.

In addition to the 61 tRNAs that are found in the human nuclear genome, 22 more tRNAs are encoded in the genome of the cellular organelle known as the mitochondrion. originally a bacterium itself, the mitochondrion, uses these 22 tRNAs to make proteins out of the just-over-a-dozen mRNAs that are encoded in its genome.

Through recent researches, it has been discovered now that the tRNAs can have other roles too, which go beyond their involvement in protein synthesis. �It is seen that tRNAs has the ability to affect the physiology of a cell. In fact, they can modulate the abundance of important molecules, etc. Such interesting findings have revived interest in looking at tRNAs under a different light.

A team led by Isidore Rigoutsos, Director of the Computational Medicine Center at Thomas Jefferson University (TJU), set out to find how many tRNAs are actually encoded by the human genome and could be potentially involved in amino acid translation and other processes. Rigoutsos remarked what their study revealed surprised them.

The report on their findings was just published in the journal Frontiers in Genetics. For the study, the team searched the 3 billion base pairs of the human genome for DNA sequences that resembled the 530 known nuclear and mitochondrial tRNAs. �A very stringent criteria was used in their searches, however they found 454 “lookalike” loci. It means that sequences look like tRNA, but are not yet been experimentally confirmed as such. Also, it was discovered that 81% of these tRNA-lookalikes had not been reported previously. The researchers were surprised to find that most of these new loci resembled some of the 22 mitochondrial tRNAs. It was also interesting to note that the discovered tRNA lookalikes did not seem to be spread uniformly across the 24 chromosomes. What was discovered was that they have penetrated preferentially some chromosomes and have avoided others.

The team also made the discovery that in the chromosomes where the tRNA-lookalikes are found, their locations are not accidental.� It seems that the lookalikes are positioned in close proximity to known nuclear tRNAs, which gives rise to the question if the tRNA-lookalikes are transcribed, just like the known tRNAs. The team found after thoroughly examining public repositories that there is evidence of transcription for more than 20% of the discovered tRNA-lookalikes. Rigoutsos remarked that though it sounds exciting, it is unclear if these molecules participate in translation as tRNAs, or if they have entirely different roles.

References

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141008140937.htm

https://cm.jefferson.edu/conspicuous-trna-lookalikes-riddle-the-human-genome/

Study Reveals How Deadly MERS Virus Enters Human Cells

Nov 18, 2014

3044

The MERS virus was first detected in humans in the year 2012 in Saudi Arabia. It is thought to have originated�in camels; however it is also known that bats are carriers of a form of this virus. Since, its first detection more than 830 people have fallen due to this virus, particularly in Middle East, Europe and Asia. A couple of cases were also reported in the United States. No cure for MERS has been found till date. The disease is characterized by respiratory illness which can often lead to renal failure and it is seen 35% of the people affected by it succumb to death due to the infection.

A new research by the scientists at Cornell have revealed the details of how this virus – Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) enters human cells. The finding is significant because it can help in understanding how it has the ability to infect many cells- a hallmark of viral pathogenicity. The findings will also be able to offer insights to finding new avenues for treatment.

The study first appeared online on October 6^th in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. It was also the first time the researchers used the Cornell's Biological Safety Level 3 facility that is located in the Animal Health Diagnostics Center. This was important because it allowed the study's authors, Gary Whittaker, professor of virology, and Jean Millet, a postdoctoral associate in Whittaker’s lab, to be safe while working with the live virus.

In their study, the researchers found that a common protease enzyme called furin activates the MERS-CoV with cell membrane and thus enters the host cells. It is suggested by Millet and Whittaker that if we could block furin at a specific point during the host cell entry process, a way of treating the disease could be found. This will prevent the virus from getting into the cells where it makes use of the cell's reproduction to create new viruses. It was also revealed that the coronaviruses have a spike protein that is activated by a protease and it paves way for membrane fusion and hence entry into a host cell. The place on the spike protein where a protease activates this process is known as a cleavage site. Interestingly, the researchers also discovered that there were actually two cleavage sites for the MERS virus and each of them were activated by furin at different times. First was after a new virus assembled inside the host cell and the second was when the released virus finds a new cell and is taken up into the membrane.

Another virus of the same family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) had spread globally in the year 2003 is thought to have originated in bats and was transmitted to civets- a small mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa.

Millet, the paper’s first author remarked that the coronavirus's first characterization is that it has a spike protein containing two furin cleavage sites. His fellow researcher said that it might be that because of the extra cleavage, the virus spreads more in the animals and humans. They primarily cause infection in lungs and also infect additional cell types which include immune cells as well. This paves way for the spread of the virus throughout the body.

Millet remarked that these viruses are extremely adaptable. They mutate by changing the protease they use for activation. Their flexibility in their cleavage activation strategies makes them more difficult to interpret. It is suspected by the researchers that a MERS-CoV in camels might have mutated about two and half years ago which allowed the virus to infect humans. Presently, we know that this virus does not spread that easily between people. The chances of its spread are typically high during hospital-acquired outbreaks.

Since, people in North Africa and the Middle East have strong cultural connections to camels; they often may be exposed to raw camel products � milk, urine � which are thought to be main causes of infection to humans.

References

https://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2014/10/study-reveals-how-deadly-mers-virus-enters-human-cells

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/10/141013190354.htm

Researchers Watch In Real Time the Dynamic Motion of HIV as it Readies an Attack

Nov 15, 2014

3847

HIV Particle

A new research by scientists at the Weill Cornell Medical College report that a new technology have been developed by them which allows them to watch how HIV proteins behave on the virus' surface. This is significant as it may contribute in knowing how it infects human cells.

The news about their discovery is described in details in the October 8 issue of science. A part of the study was also published the same day in Nature.

Dr. Scott Blanchard, an associate professor of physiology and biophysics at Weill Cornell, and one of three co-lead authors on the Science study said that this novel technology platform will open new possibilities that will help in finding a way to prevent the HIV infection. He also added that by making the movement of HIV visible, one can follow in real time, how the surface proteins on the virus behave. It can possibly tell us what we need to know to prevent fusion with human cells. If we know how to prevent the viral entry of HIV into immune cells, we are already half way through.

Through this study, the scientists have tried to show that now there is a means to obtain real-time images of what happens on the surface of the HIV particles. The same information can also be used to screen the impact of drugs and antibodies that can shut it down.

There is a desperate need to find solution to prevent HIV infection. This deadly disease has killed more than 70 million people worldwide. Dr. Blanchard opined that if this technology works in HIV management, it can also be applied in decoding the infection process of other viruses.

Dr. Blanchard collaborated with Dr. Walther Mothes, a HIV specialist at the Yale University School of Medicine, and with Dr. James Munro, an assistant professor at Tufts University School of Medicine.

An imaging technique that uses fluorescence to measure distance on molecular scale � single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) imaging was adapted by Dr. Blanchard to study viral particles. His team worked on developing fluorescent molecules also known as fluorophores and the same were inserted into the virus’s outer covering. With two of these fluorophores in place, smFRET imaging can be used to visualize how the virus proteins change conformation.

The technology was used by the team to study motions of proteins on the surface of the HIV virus. It is known that these proteins are key to the virus’s ability to infect human immune cells carrying CD4 receptor proteins that help the HIV bind to a cell. The over surface of HIV consists of three gp120 and gp41 proteins positioned close together. These are referred to as “trimers,” and open up like a flower in the presence of CD4. Thus they expose the gp41 subunit that paves way for the mechanism that causes infection. It was observed that there are 10-20 such trimers on the surface of each HIV particle. They mutate very fast and evade typical immune responses. �Since, the body is unable to mount an effective immune response, it is challenging for scientists to develop vaccines for HIV. The researchers studied proteins from two different strains of HIV. It was seen that the gp120 proteins’ virus particles changed shape constantly and that the timing and nature of their movements were both similar and distinct.

This knowledge is significant because, it answers the first big question which is how opening of the envelope trimer is triggered. It has been so long believed in the scientific community that the particles remain in one conformation until they come across a CD4-positive cell. But, this study shows that the proteins change even when no CD4 was present, which means that they change shape all the time. This and many significant discoveries about the process of infection were made in this study.

Dr. Blanchard opined that the practical outcome from this technology is that now we have begun to understand how the biological system of HIV moves. The focus now is on improving the technology so that imaging precision is achieved to make broadly effective therapies.

References

https://weill.cornell.edu/news/pr/2014/10/researchers-watch-in-real-time-the-dynamic-motion-of-hiv-as-it-readies-an-attack-scott-blanchard.html

https://www.sciencenewsline.com/summary/2014100818180031.html

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Researchers Develop Personalized Ovarian Cancer Vaccines

Nov 12, 2014

4162

A new method to develop personalized vaccines to treat patients' diagnosed ovarian cancer has been found by the researchers at the University of Connecticut. They have discovered a way to identify protein mutations in cancer cells and the same will prove vital in developing the said vaccine.

Dr. Pramod�Srivastava, director of the Carole and Ray Neag�Comprehensive Cancer Center at UConn�Health and one of the principal investigators on the study remarked that the way we treat cancer will be dramatically changed once the experiment is successful. He added that this research is going to the basis for the first ever genomics-driven personalized medicine clinical trial in immunotherapy of ovarian cancer. The same is scheduled to begin this fall at UConn�Health this fall. Ion Mandoiu, an UConn bioinformatics engineer associate professor of computer science and engineering along with other principal investigator for the study has been working on the research for the past four years. �The results of the study were published online in the 22 September issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine.

Srivastava added that it has been known that patients have genetic sequences that make them better candidates for some drugs than others. Today there are means to figure that out much more easily now than five years ago. If this novel approach proves to be safe and effective, it would be the ultimate in individualized medicine.

Dr. Angela Kueck, a gynecological oncologist at UConn Health, is going to be in charge for running the initial clinical study. The approval from FDA for the same is awaited. The research team will be sequencing DNA from the tumors of 15 to 20 women diagnosed ovarian cancer. The information from the same will be used to develop a personalized vaccine for each woman.

There is a reason why researchers chose to perform the clinical trial on patients with ovarian cancer. It is seen that in short term the disease typically responds well to surgery and chemotherapy. However, after a year or two it returns lethally. The researchers opined that they will have a window of 1-2 years to prepare and administer the new therapeutic vaccine and in the said time they would be able to conclude if the vaccine made any difference in the patients. For the next steps in the trail, it has been decided that if the personalized vaccines are found to be safe and feasible, they’ll design a Phase II trial. In this phase the clinical effectiveness of the drug in prolonging patients’ lives will be evaluated.

For the immune cells to attack cancer cells, it need to recognize them, On every cell's exterior there is a sequence of protein which acts like an Id card which tells it the particular cell is a normal one or not. These protein sequences are called epitopes and this is what the immune system looks for in a cell. The cancer cells have epitopes too and they are similar to the healthy cells. That is why the immune system is unable to recognize them and hence take no action on it.

The cancer cell epitopes have some subtle difference from the normal cell epitopes and that is what can give them away. However, the key thing for it is that the immune cells must know what to look for. Srivastava�added that there may be 1000 minute changes, but of them only 10 are important from the perspective of the immune system. To find out what the important differences are, Mandoiu, the bioinformatics engineer, took DNA sequences from skin tumors in mice and compared them with DNA from the mice’s healthy tissue.

It was seen that when the mice were inoculated with vaccines made of the cancer epitopes differing the most from normal tissue, they were very resistant to skin cancer. It is speculated that theoretically, this approach could work for other cancers too. However, more research is needed for the same.

References

https://today.uconn.edu/blog/2014/10/uconn-researchers-develop-personalized-ovarian-cancer-vaccines/

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/284055.php

Benefits of consuming lemons

Nov 11, 2014

4638

lemons

I know most of you are already aware of some of the miracles and benefits that lemons are packed with, however, there are still a huge number of people that don't understand how healthy lemons are for them.

In this article, we have focused all our energy in describing some of the most valuable effects of incorporating lemons into your daily lives. Read on to find out more:

Excellent Source of Potassium and Vitamin C

Lemons are rich in potassium which means that lemons are great for your brain, nerve function and of course, the heart. Furthermore, lemons also contain Vitamin C. Vitamin C boosts your immune system and protects the body from all kinds of immune system deficiencies.

Moreover, whenever you feel stressed, vitamin C is one of the first things to plummet. That is why experts recommend drinking lemon juice during your stressful days.

Helps in Weight Loss

That’s right. For all the people who want to lose weight, lemons are a treat. The reason why lemons help you with weight loss is that lemons contain pectin fiber. Pectin fiber assists in fighting hunger cravings and that is how the person on a diet doesn't feel hungry. Furthermore, pectin fiber is also very beneficial for the colon health and serves as a very powerful antibacterial.

Takes Care of Your Skin

The antioxidantspresent�in lemons not only take care of your blemishes and leave your skin acne free, but also help in decreasing the wrinkles. Lemon juice can also be applied to scars and age spots. Furthermore, since lemon juice detoxifies your blood, it will make sure your skin stays fresh and radiant.

Helps in Getting Rid of the Viral Infections

If you’ve got a sore throat, drinklemonjuice. Lemon water is the most effective way of fighting down all the viral infections out there. Furthermore, as already mentioned above, lemon juice helps in boosting your immune system. A stronger immune system can fight the infections in a better way.

Better Alternative for Caffeine

You know how consuming too much caffeine is bad for you and still you can't get rid of this habit of yours? Instead of making a cup of coffee for yourself every morning, you can start your day by drinking warm lemon water. You will feel refreshed all day and you won't even have to deal with that pesky afternoon crash.

Helps in Digestion

Lemon juice helps in healthy digestion by loosening toxins in� your digestive tract. Not only that, lemon juice also helps in relieving symptoms of indigestion like bloating, burping, heartburn, etc. so you would know beforehand what you are dealing with. �Furthermore, lemon juice enhances your enzyme function which in turns simulates the liver. In this way, your body gets rid of all the dangerous toxins in the body.

Reduces Risk of Kidney Stones

When you consume insufficient vitamin C, you won't have enough citrate in your urine either. Not enough citrate in the urine indicates a rising risk of kidney stones. Some studies indicate that drinking 2 liters of lemon water throughout the day on a daily basis can substantially elevate citrate levels in the urine and hence, lower risk of kidney stones in people.

Prevents Scurvy

Scurvy is a condition which involves bleeding gums. It is a condition caused by the lack of vitamin C in the diet. Having more lemons can drastically reduce your risk of scurvy.

References

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000282230000420X

https://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-545-LEMON.aspx?activeIngredientId=545&activeIngredientName=LEMON

Importance of Walking Every Day

Nov 11, 2014

4645

Walking

Walking is a gentle, rewarding and virtually risks-free form of exercise. The cost involved in this exercise is low and the benefits are numerous. People of all ages can enjoy the benefits of walking. All you need is just a pair of comfortable shoes, a portable music player if you like, to get started. For maximum benefits one should walk briskly � the more briskly you walk, the more calories you will be able to burn. However, there are a few precautions that you should take when brisk walking. Always wear comfortable shoes that fit well and provide good stability. Always walk in parks, trails or sidewalks meant for walking. If by any chance, you have a medical condition that could be adversely affected by brisk walking, consult a physician before starting.

If you like to walk early morning, you will not only enjoy basking in the sun and enjoy the benefits of getting adequate vitamin D but also will get to enjoy the fresh early morning air.

Here are a few reasons why walking at least for 30 to 40 minutes should be a part of your daily life:

It boosts your heart health

It is a known fact that regular walking can reduce the risk of heart diseases and stroke considerably. It keeps the cholesterol in check and also helps in maintaining ideal blood pressure level.

It can help in keeping chronic diseases at bay

Brisk walking for 30 to 40 minutes every day will minimize the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, asthma, certain cancers and osteoporosis.

It will help you lose weight

Brisk walking every day for 40 minutes will help you get closer to your ideal body weight. The weight loss you will experience will be throughout your body- right from the abdomen, thighs, hips and legs and it will occur at a healthy and steady rate. Walking speed and intensity are factors that are crucial in determining how much weight you will lose.

It can ward off dementia

As surprising as it sounds, it is however true. Elderly people who follow a regular walking schedule can minimize the risk of brain shrinkage and hence can ward off dementia considerably.

It strengthens the bones

Walking can actually stimulate and strengthen the bones and increase its density. It helps in maintaining healthy joints and keeps arthritis at bay. People who walk regularly complain less about stiff muscle joints, or muscular pain. Women who walk regularly have a lower risk of osteoporosis.

It enhances your mood

Walking is a form of exercise and the ability of exercises to enhance and uplift one's mood is well known. When youbrisk�walk, hormones called endorphins are released in the body. This hormone is a feel-good hormone that fights depression, reduces stress and anxiety, and boosts the mood. If you like to walk alone, just plug in�your iPod and hit the road. If you love walking in groups, you have some other added advantages too � you get to meet likeminded people, make new friends and steer clear of the dangers of isolation and loneliness.

It increases your energy level

A session of 30-40 minutes brisk walking will leave you energized and invigorated. It will boost blood circulation and increase the oxygen supply throughout the body, thereby making you feel alert and active. It also increases your muscle strength, stamina and endurance.

If you have just started with your brisk walking routine, start slowly and take short walks for a couple of days. Once, you get the hang of it you can increase the time, pace and intensity gradually.

References

https://triggered.clockss.org/ServeContent?url=https://archfami.ama-assn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F3%2F8%2F703

https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1583

Man boobs causes and remedies

Nov 9, 2014

4789

Men Boobs

Gynecomastia or Man's boobs is a common�endocrine disorder. This disorder tends to leave large breast tissue in males.

Gynecomastia is found in three different age populations:

Newborns: �It can happen in about 60-90% of male infants but it is all sorted out well on its own.
�Adolescents: When we talk of adolescents, atleast 70% males are such which suffer from Gynecomastia in such an age and it usually happens because of stress.
�It can also happen in men who are above 50 years. Such a category is called as Gynecomastia and is there in 24-65% men between 50 and 80.� There can be various reasons attributed to it one of them being testosterone production.

Gynecomastia has started to show in recent years in men because a lot of different steroids and usage of chemicals that kind of simulate estrogen levels are now present in consumables, that tends to trigger such a situation.

Breast reduction surgeries to correct gynecomastia are becoming increasingly common. In 2006, there were 14,000 procedures of this type performed in the United States alone, such surgeries are expensive and often do not yield the desired results.

There have been various breast reduction surgeries to cure Gynecomastia, �that have been introduced for men.� About 20,000 such procedures were performed in U.K. There is usually a lot of risk involved because the desired results are not always achieved. It is usually frustrating for men because they cannot show their bare chest which other men can do. They cannot dress in the way they would love to. You usually feel demotivated when other mock at you and you are reduced to ashes every morning when you see yourself in the bathroom.

Now the time has come, when you need not worry about anything in your life and just read MY How To Lose Your Man Boobs Guide and follow small little guideline it gives you for a month. You might be thinking about all the websites, magazine articles, doctors, you ever came across and who advised you on reducing your boobs.

This is the guide that is a sure shot guarantee of genuineness and will provide you every little step that will take you forward to make you look like a stud without any shame. ��You will be the most handsome looking stud, every girl would like to date without getting embarrassed. �. Break faces of those who make fun of you. Your self-confidence will hit the skies and you will run miles ahead in time and space. Now all your stress and will just run away from you.

Frankly, you have been missing out on life because of your chest fat, and I do not think you should suffer anymore. You might be desperate but do not give up on what my guide can tell you.

You actually have not felt like the real man before and it is time you stop thinking what to do next since this guide will ensure you a complete prevention from Gynecomastia.� You just need to see that you are able to eat right. What is that something that you should leave from your diet immediately, have a good chest, what blunders not to repeat, certain exercises that should be part of your routine, good sleeping patterns, knowledge of certain growth hormones, why not to do push ups, motivating you to complete riddance of these male boobs and all those secret solutions to a flat chest.

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How to Stop Overeating?

Nov 8, 2014

3730

Overeating

Isn’t it a wondrous thought just to keep at that bag of chips or inhaling down that cheese cake to your stomach for hours without a care in the world about gaining pounds or discomfort after?

No matter how much we evolve, our basic reaction to hunger could put any cave man to shame. We still can’t resist running to the nearest junk food joint as soon as the stomach machinery jolts! Gaining control over our cravings is just a thing that is to be dealt with probably in another life. Humans have a tendency to assign intrinsic value to everything. hunger is not an affliction any different to such a treatment. We fall, we bruise, we rise but never learn.

We want to lose weight but don’t want the hardship. Tuning into your body’s signal to eat is an elementary thing yet is avoided.

If you don’t have control over your cravings, hunger becomes diet enemy number one. You can stop overeating now by…..

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1. Using the hunger scale

Do you really actually know what hunger feels like? Before you even realize it, your brain does and sends a signal for true need for nourishment. Before you gorge on those oily and greasy hamburgers for good you need to know what is it that your body is after and what state of hunger you’re at. Starting from apparently the mist common symptom of all….

Starving:The most uncomfortable, empty feeling of all, accompanied by light-headedness caused by low blood sugar levels from lack of food.

Hungry: Your next meal is what occupies your mind. If you don’t refuel within the hour, you enter will the most dreaded “starving” territory.

Moderately hungry: Your stomach growls, you plan how to put an end to this nagging feeling. This is optimal eating time.

Satisfied: You’re satiated, not full, but not hungry, either. Just satisfied. For many it’s not enough though.

Full: You’re done for a little while, but if you’re still eating, slap yourself hard. It won’t hurt as much as it would after you’re through.

Stuffed: There you are. I told you to slap yourself hard. It’s of no use now. You feel uncomfortable and might not even be able to lift your hand to hit yourself that hard. And now you have to deal with heartburn and the food crawling back to your esophagus. Ah, we bad learners, humans!

2. Refuel every now and then….

Still can’t tell what hunger feels like? This will surely tell you what you’re dealing with. Refrain from eating for at least 4 to 5 hours after having a meal. You’ll know. That is the time when you’ll want to hit the jackpot of a mother load of a giant’s feast. We shouldn’t let that happen as it causes plummeting of blood sugar levels, energy and our will power to make healthier choices.

3. Eat breakfast without fail

Eat breakfast and literally eat your breakfast, don’t just let it slide. Studies across nations have proved that most of the energy throughout the day comes from a healthy hearty breakfast. It is not something that should be taken lightly, rather heavily as it is the first meal of the day.

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4. Build high-volume meals

Solid foods that have a high fluid or fiber content can keep you satisfied and energized as well as will help you suppress hunger. Foods with a high water or fiber content like fruits and vegetables, versus low water or fiber content foods like crackers or pretzels, provide bigger portions with lesser calories.

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5. Always include protein

High-protein eaters feel more satisfied and less hungry. Plus, it helps in preserving more lean body mass and reduced fat cells.

References

https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/overcoming-overeating

https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/eating-disorders/binge-eating-disorder/features/compulsive-overeating-and-how-to-stop-it

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Safety Tips When Eating Out

Life Style

Nov 8, 2014

3108

It is important to be careful when eating at restaurants. According to one estimate, in some developed countries there are somewhere between 60 to 80 percent of cases of diseases transmitted by food that is served in restaurants.

When you go to a restaurant, be sure that this particular restaurant meets the sanitary measures that are required by law.

It is critical that you follow some safety measures while eating out. For example, ordering a good boiled or roasted meat is better than having rare or medium rare meat because the cooking process kills the pathogens in the food.

If you take food with you, make sure it is hot and eat it within two hours after purchase. If more time passes, you should reheat it to a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius.

Eat in restaurants that are trusted.

Check the toilet. If the toilet is often dirty and unkempt, do not think it’s anything better in the kitchen. Restaurants that are credible will first hold up to cleanliness and hygiene which reflects the quality of food.

Moreover, observe the staff. Is it messy, clumsy or unhygienic?

If food is served on buffet tables, look if the food is kept in the proper temperature and be sure to avoid poorly cooked meat.

If you decide to eat out, you have to be reconciled that someone else will pick up groceries and prepare food and look after the cleanliness of the kitchen. This�is something you simply cannot control, but you can choose where you eat, what you eat and whether you will take the food leftovers home.
Keep your eyes open
when we go to a restaurant, first we look at the tables, tablecloths, cutlery and the waiters serving food. If they are not clean and tidy, go eat somewhere else. In some countries, sanitary inspectors regularly visit the restaurants, evaluate the purity of food and he catering facility and its conclusions are provided to the public.
Be careful when food residues carry home
If you will not be home within two hours since your dish is served, do not carry home the remains of food.��But if you decide to take the food with you (the one you're not eating), you should go straight home and store the food in the refrigerator.

Craving for oysters, steak tartare, sushi and sashimi? It might be better to wait for cooler days. Insufficiently cooked food at restaurants during the summer poses a risk of poisoning.

You probably take all necessary measures against food poisoning at home, but to be sure that everything goes great in restaurants, you should:

Pay attention to the raw and undercooked food! Foods of animal origin can uphold harmful viruses and bacteria that pose a serious health threat.

To reduce your risk try to avoid:

Raw fish and shellfish – oysters , sushi , sashimi , ceviche , etc
Meat or fruits of the sea origin that are not thoroughly prepared thermally such as tartare steak
Eggs that are not sufficiently cooked or baked and dishes in which eggs are used as an ingredient such as mayonnaise or sauces and salad dressings
Soufflé, mousse and melted chocolate may contain raw eggs, so it is also advisable to avoid. In addition, the tiramisu often contains raw egg white.

Recipes and methods of preparation vary from restaurant to restaurant, so if you are not sure whether a dish contains raw or inadequately prepared animal foods make sure to find out about how waiter prepares it. Furthermore, always demand that food is properly heat treated. For dishes in which you need oysters or mousse,�just choose something else if you are not entirely sure of their freshness.

References

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Food_safety_when_eating_out

https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/healtheducators/ucm082539.htm

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