What is Osteoporosis?

Osteoporosis is a medical condition in which the bones may become thin and weak. This can further lead to fractures especially in areas such as the hip, the wrist and the spine. Those who have low bone mass are at high risk for this condition.

Those who are at high risk for osteoporosis are women who are of older age, those who have vertigo, those who have HIV/AIDS, those who have gastric cancer, those who are of Caucasian or of South Asian descent, those have a family history of osteoporosis, people who have small frames and those who smoke. Women who had early menopause are at high risk of developing osteoporosis because of an early significant drop in estrogen levels. Those who have eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia may also have a higher risk for developing osteoporosis.

People with Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases may also be at risk for osteoporosis. Thos who have intake of some medications may also be at high risk. Examples of these medications that can cause osteoporosis include corticosteroids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), blood thinning medications, methotrexate, drugs for epilepsy, diuretics and some aluminum-containing antacids.

Other medical conditions that may also cause osteoporosis include thyroid problems, breast cancer, cancer chemotherapy or use of aromatase inhibitors (anastrozole and letrozole) which suppress estrogen, long “term low calcium intake, gastrectomy or stomach surgery, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, vitamin D deficiency, and Cushing’s disease; long-term physical inactivity, too much caffeine consumption, alcoholism and depression can also result to osteoporosis.

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Osteoporosis may develop slowly over the years and may develop early signs such as joint pains, difficulty standing and difficulty sitting up straight. Bone density and bone mass continue to go down and the person with osteoporosis may develop fractures of the hip, wrist or bones in the spine. Even small stress such as coughing or sneezing can cause collapse of a spinal bone. People who are of older age may have problems in bone regeneration because their bones cannot repair themselves properly. If bones are unrepaired for a long time, they may develop arthritis and may make the sufferer seriously disabled. Fractures may also become very painful.

Osteoporosis is often diagnosed by laboratory tests such as DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) scan, dental x-rays, ultrasound, and calcium intake especially in men. Those who should get evaluated for osteoporosis include those who are 65 years old or older, those who are postmenopausal and have one or more risk factors for osteoporosis, those who have spine abnormalities, those who are taking medications which may raise the risk of osteoporosis, Type 1 diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, thyroid disease, a family history of osteoporosis and early menopause.

Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Treatment

Recently, a group of researchers from Germany and The Netherlands have discovered a new target that may be critical for the treatment of osteoporosis. This group of researchers have expressed that new studies in zebrafish and mice have shown that injection of human plastin 3 (PLS3) or related proteins in zebrafish where PLS3 action has been suppressed can replace its loss and repair the bone development anomalies associated with this deficiency. Furthermore, overexpression of human (PLS3) in normal mice had a significant impact on bone development and maintenance, making them more resistant to fractures. It has been confirmed by previous research that PLS3 mutations could cause osteoporosis. Human PLS3, actinin 1 and actinin 4 and F-actin proteins 2 are involved in ˜bundling' or building the ˜scaffolding' for cells, and can lead to bone development and maintenance. Those who express higher than normal levels of PLS3 are said to be protected from osteoporosis.

To read more recent news about osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal disease, feel free to read our other articles on this site.

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Heart Failure

Heart failure is a serious condition wherein the heart cannot pump blood efficiently to the parts of the body. It can affect the other organs of the body and can give out symptoms which are related to how severe heart failure is. Usually heart failure affects the left side of the body first.

The function of the heart is to pump blood to other parts of the body so that oxygen and nutrient rich blood can be delivered to every cell in the body. When there is inadequate nourishment of cells, the body cannot function effectively. There may be fatigue and breathlessness when the heart is weak and cannot supply the cells with enough blood. Simple daily activities such as walking, carrying bags or climbing stairs cannot be done without extra effort and without breathlessness.

There is usually no exact cure for heart failure. However, if symptoms are controlled with medications, the patient can have a productive and meaningful life. Untreated heart failure, on the other hand, can lead to death. Heart failure can not only cause physical problems but also cognitive problems and memory problems.

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Heart failure is different from heart attack and cardiac arrest. Heart attacks are due to death of the heart muscle due to occlusion or blockage of the coronary artery. Cardiac arrest is a medical condition wherein the heart stops beating and blood circulation stops. Heart failure can bring about signs and symptoms such as extreme fatigue or tiredness, breathlessness, cough, frothy sputum, swollen legs, enlarged liver, enlarged stomach, dizziness, nausea, constipation, and loss of appetite. Extreme tiredness or fatigue is due to not enough blood being pumped by the heart to the other parts of the body.

There are people who are at high risk for hypertension. These people may include those who have diabetes, obesity, smoking, hypertension or high blood pressure, increased waist size, heart attack, depression, inherited heart disease, congenital heart defects, anemia or deficiency of red blood cells, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, heart valve problems, myocarditis, abnormal heart rhythms, atrial fibrillation, emphysema, lupus, and amyloidosis.

Smoking and Heart Failure

A new study has shown that women who have early menopause occurring at the age of 40 to 45 years old may have a higher risk for heart failure. Current or past smoking may raise this risk more, according to a new study published online today in Menopause, the journal of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). This study done by researchers from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden has found out that women who went to menopause naturally at an early age have a 40% higher risk of developing heart failure. Also the researchers have found out that for every one-year increase in age at menopause, the rate of heart failure was 2% lower.

This study is an eye opener for women who have early or late menopause to avoid heart failure by exercising, consuming a healthy diet, losing weight and quitting smoking. More research is to be done regarding whether early menopause and heart failure are indeed linked to each other and whether heart failure may also cause ovarian failure.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

There are people who double-check things every now and then such as turning off the stove before leaving the house or making sure that the door is locked when going out to work. People who repeatedly double-check things are those with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These people also have repeated rituals over and over which can disrupt daily functioning and cause anxiety and distress.

The thoughts that cause these actions are known as obsessions. The person with OCD often tries to control these urges to repeat rituals and compulsions. He or she often cannot control these obsessions and compulsions so that these rituals often end up controlling them.

People who are obsessed with dirt or germs may have a certain compulsion to wash their hands over and over again. If they are obsessed with robbers and intruders, they may have a compulsion to lock their doors many times at night before going to bed. People with OCD may even comb their hair compulsively in front of the mirror many times because they are afraid of social embarrassment. Other common rituals include repeatedly checking things or counting things, having frequent thoughts of violence, thinking about performing sexual acts which he or she dislikes, being preoccupied by order and hoarding unneeded items.

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People who are healthy also have rituals such as checking the door several times before leaving the house. However, patients with OCD may exaggerate these acts so that their daily activities at work, school or at home are disrupted. They may also have interrupted sleep or interrupted eating. It is during these times that OCD becomes pathological or needs treatment.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may run in families; this may be because this behaviour stems from problems in some parts of the brain. The parts of the brain involved are those which are involved in fear and anxiety. By looking at these brain areas, scientists are able to discover better treatments for this disorder. People with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often have signs and symptoms such as repeated thoughts and images about things they fear of. They may hurt loved ones, have abnormal sexual acts, have conflicts with religious beliefs and can become overly tidy. They may repeat rituals over and over again such as washing hands, locking doors, counting and repeating the same steps over and over again. These people cannot control their behaviour and unwanted thoughts very well and they are not satisfied by performing these behaviours and rituals.

OCD and Genetics

A recent study has shown that a genetic marker may be associated with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The findings are published in the May 13 online issue of the journal Molecular Psychiatry. The researchers think that because of this finding, they may be able to identify new drugs that could help people with obsessive compulsive disorder. This study is a genome-wide association study, scanning the genomes of more than 1,400 people with OCD and more than 1,000 close relatives of people with the mental disorder. The researchers found out that OCD is associated with a gene called protein tyrosine phosphokinase (PTPRD). According to previous studies, the gene have been involved in learning and memory of animals. Learning and memory are traits influenced by OCD in humans, according to these researchers. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also have been associated with this gene; this is why ADHD and OCD have some similar characteristics.

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Fiber

Fiber is especially important in the diet. High fiber foods can promote regular bowel movements, lower elevated cholesterol levels, maintain normal blood glucose levels, and help shed unwanted pounds off. People who can benefit more from high fiber foods are those with constipation, haemorrhoids, high blood glucose levels and high blood cholesterol levels.

Examples of high fiber foods include mustard greens, collard greens, turnip greens, eggplant, raspberries, cinnamon, navy beans and mustard greens. You must consume fiber in your diet so that you can prevent disease and promote good health. Dietary fiber is often derived from the edible parts of plants which cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes. They are known by experts as food that promotes beneficial effects on the body such as regular bowel movement and control of blood cholesterol as well as blood glucose levels. Fiber is also often added to foods during their processing in the form of added fiber that consists of isolated nondigestible carbohydrates that have numerous health benefits. It is said that dietary fiber is a good weapon against colon cancer, heart disease, diabetes and obesity.

Dietary fiber is classified into several types: cellulose, hemicelluloses, polyfructoses, galactooligosaccharides, gums, mucilages, pectins, lignins and resistant starches. Cellulose is mostly found in legumes, bran, cabbages, root vegetables, outer covering of seeds and apples. Hemicellulose is often found in whole grains and bran. Gums are found in barley, oatmeal and legumes. Pectins are often found in strawberries, apples and citrus fruits. Lignins are found in wheat, fruits, root vegetables, and fruits with edible seeds. Resistant starches are often found in potatoes and ripe bananas.

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Dietary fiber functions are dependent on whether it is soluble or non-soluble. Soluble fibers such as those found in oat bran can reduce blood cholesterol levels and normalize blood glucose levels. On the other hand, insoluble fiber such as that found in wheat bran can promote regular bowel movements. They also lower serum cholesterol levels by reducing the absorption of dietary cholesterol. When combined with bile acids, fiber can properly digest fat. Fiber can promote the removal of fat from the circulation and its excretion outside the body. Soluble fiber may reduce the amount of cholesterol formed by the liver.

Fiber can also help normalize blood sugar levels by slowing the time needed by the body for food to leave the stomach. Fiber also delays the absorption of glucose after a meal and increase insulin sensitivity. Fiber can be used to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. They also give a sense of early satiety or fullness after a meal and helps control weight.

Fiber is fermented by good bacteria in the large intestine. This process produces a short-chain fatty acid called butyric acid which serves as fuel for the cells of the large intestine as well as helps in maintaining good colon health. Other short chain fatty acids produced during fermentation of fiber are propionic and acetic acid which may also be used as fuel for cells of the liver and muscles.

Fiber and Cholesterol

A recent study by a professor from South Dakota State University has focused on using wheat fiber to lower cholesterol and prevent the development of heart disease. This special nondigestible, chemically modified wheat fiber called resistant starch can resist digestion and can have beneficial effects on those with metabolic syndrome. The researchers found out that cholesterol levels in those with metabolic syndrome were lowered by this special type of wheat fiber. This type of fiber also significantly decreased body fat and was able to increase lean body mass in both healthy participants and in those with metabolic syndrome.

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Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a type of dementia which can cause death of brain cells, further leading to memory loss and cognitive decline. This neurodegenerative dementia can be mild at first but can progressively worsen as times goes by. Patients with Alzheimer's disease often have a shrunken total brain size due to fewer nerve cells and connections. On autopsy of patients with Alzheimer's disease, plaques and tangles may be seen on nerve tissue. These plaques may form due to the buildup of protein called beta-amyloid; thus they may also be called amyloid plaques. The brain neurons may contain tangles which are formed due to the disintegration of tau, another protein.

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There are some risk factors which are associated with Alzheimer's disease, some of which are preventable while some are non-modifiable. Those which are non-modifiable are age, family history, genetics, and female sex. Alzheimer's disease is likely to occur among older people especially those who are aged 65 to 85 years old. Those who have a family history of the disorder also carry a higher risk. Persons who have a certain gene called the apolipoprotein E or APOE gene are also at risk for having Alzheimer's disease. More women are affected by this neurodegenerative disease.

On the other hand, preventable risk factors include diabetes, high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure levels, low educational or occupational attaintment, previous head injury, sleep disorders and estrogen replacement therapy or other hormonal replacement therapies.

Alzheimer's disease can occur, though rarely, between the ages of 30 to 60 years old, a condition known as early onset Alzheimer's disease. This type of dementia usually affects people who have a family history of it. Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include difficulty in taking in and remembering new information such as misplacing things, repetitive questions, forgetting events and getting lost. There may also be impairments to exercising judgement and reasoning as manifested by poor decision making, inability to manage finances and inability to plan activities in sequence. People with Alzheimer's may also lead to impairments of visual recognition, inability to orient clothing to the body and impairment in doing simple tasks. There may also be changes in personality and behaviour and problems in speaking, reading and writing. These symptoms may develop gradually over months to years and may lead to progressive worsening of cognition. The most common presentation of Alzheimer's disease is memory loss especially affecting areas of learning and recalling new information.

There are three basic stages of Alzheimer’s disease. The first stage is pre-clinical with no signs and symptoms. The second stage is mild cognitive impairment while the third stage is dementia.

Citalopram and Alzheimer's Disease

A recent study has shown that citalopram, a commonly prescribed antidepressant, can reduce production of Alzheimer’s brain plaques. These findings are published May 14 in Science Translational Medicine. In this study, researchers from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and the University of Pennsylvania have found out that the antidepressant citalopram stopped the growth of plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. They also found out that in young adults who were cognitively healthy, a single dose of the antidepressant lowered by 37 percent the production of amyloid beta, the primary ingredient in plaques. The researchers further concluded that antidepressants appear to be significantly reducing amyloid beta production.

In this study, researchers gave citalopram to older mice with brain plaques. They soon found out that citalopram stopped the growth of existing plaques and reduced the formation of new plaques by 78 percent. In the second experiment, the scientists gave a single dose of citalopram to 23 people ages 18 to 50 who were not cognitively impaired or depressed. Samples of spinal fluid taken from the participants over the next 24 hours showed a 37 percent drop in amyloid beta production.

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Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a long-term disease which can affect the central nervous system of the body. The central nervous system is composed of the brain, the optic nerves and the spinal cord. In the more advanced stages of multiple sclerosis, the patient may be blind or have paralysis. Milder forms of multiple sclerosis may give rise to symptoms such as mildness of the limbs.

Multiple sclerosis is caused by the attack of a person's immune system to his or her own central nervous system. The central nervous system is composed of nerves that are surrounded by myelin. Myelin serves to protect these nerve fibers and helps conduct impulses from the brain to the nervous system and vice versa. In a person with multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath is interrupted by scars or sclerosis. There are multiple scars along the length of the nerve fibers which are also termed as plaques or lesions. Lesions can get worse when the nerve fiber succumbs to damage and breakage.

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When the myelin of the nerve fibers disappear in multiple areas due to sclerosis, there is no smooth flow of electrical impulses from the brain to the other parts of the body and vice versa. As a result your brain cannot tell your body what it wants you to do.

Multiple sclerosis can affect people of all ages yet it is more common among those who are aged 20 to 50 years old. More women tend to develop multiple sclerosis more than men. Thos e with European lineage may have a higher risk of acquiring multiple sclerosis more than other people. Multiple sclerosis is an inherited disorder; it can be passed through family generations.

The actual causes of multiple sclerosis are unknown however experts say that this condition may be due to the attack of the person's immune system against his or her own myelin. This could be due to genetic and environmental factors. We can inherit this propensity to fight our own cells from our parents and ancestors. Multiple sclerosis also varies between geographical and population groups. It is more common in northern Europe and northern USA, because these places are less exposed to sunlight. Some experts even think that long-term Vitamin D levels may play a role in multiple sclerosis risk. Other risk factors include exposure to a toxic substance such as heavy metals, infections such as Epstein-Barr (mononucleosis) and varicella zoster, and too much salt intake.

Multiple sclerosis may give rise to symptoms such as bladder problems, bowel problems, cognitive functioning, depression, emotional changes, fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, numbness, weakness, sexual dysfunction, muscle spasms, tremors, vision problems, gait problems and others.

Human Stem Cell Treatment for MS

A recent study have shown that mice affected by a multiple sclerosis (MS) — like condition who are treated with human stem cells can walk after less than two weeks after treatment. This study is published in the May 15 issue of the journal Stem Cell Reports. This study found out that human stem cells reversed symptoms of MS such as difficulty in walking, fatigue, impaired vision and pain. The researchers think that human stem cells have blunted the immune attacks and have repaired the damaged myelin, leading to the recovery of symptoms. This is indeed a remarkable discovery in the field of neurology.

You can learn more about multiple sclerosis by reading our other articles on this site.

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Food allergies can create bothersome symptoms and can sometimes be life threatening. People who have more food allergies have an immune system which easily reacts to proteins found in food. In these people, the immune system acts on the protein as if it were a harmful pathogen. This then results to signs and symptoms such as tingling of the mouth, severe rash and serious breathing problems. More life-threatening food allergies are termed as anaphylaxis.

Food Allergies

The most common food triggers to allergies are peanuts, wheat, soya, milk, and eggs. In adults, the most common foods which can cause allergies in adults are fish, peanuts, some shellfish, such as lobster, crab and prawns, tree nuts, such as pistachios, brazil nuts, almonds and walnuts, and peanuts. In both adults and children, the most common triggers are eggs, fish, milk,  nuts from trees (including hazelnuts, walnuts, almonds, and Brazil nuts), peanuts (groundnuts), shellfish (including shrimps, mussels, and crab), soya and wheat.

Food intolerance is different from that of food allergies in that the former does not involve the immune system, not affecting the patient when the food is taken in small amounts. Symptoms of food intolerance which can be mistaken for food allergies include diarrhea, cramping, bloating, gas, irritable bowel syndrome, lactose intolerance, food additive sensitivity, psychological factors, and celiac disease.

Food allergies are usually caused by the ability of the immune system to act upon food as a foreign body; thus it produces antibodies that may attack proteins that come from food. When the same food is eaten, the body tells the immune system to act immediately by releasing histamine and other substances into the bloodstream. Histamine released causes these signs and symptoms of food allergy. It causes blood vessels to dilate or expand and the skin to swell or become inflamed. It also affects the nerves so that the person may feel itchy and creates more mucus in the nose so that it may itch, burn or have nasal discharges.

Food allergy may give out a lot of signs and symptoms such as tingling in the mouth, burning sensation in the lips and mouth, swelling of the face and lips, skin rashes, wheezing, diarrhea, nausea, runny nose and streaming eyes. Severe allergy, also known as anaphylaxis, can rapidly bring about signs and symptoms such as a rapid fall in blood pressure, abrupt fear or apprehension, throat itchiness, nausea, respiratory problems, skin itchiness, sneezing, streaming nose and eyes, tachycardia or increased heartbeat, vomiting and loss of consciousness.

Not all people are known to have food allergies. People at risk for food allergies include those who have a family history of allergic reactions, those with other allergies such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, low vitamin D levels and lack of early exposure to outdoors.

Desensitization and Food Allergies

A recent study has reported the development of a new type of flour that someday could be used in food-based therapies to help people better tolerate their allergy triggers, including peanuts. This study which is based on the process of desensitization or the giving of minute quantities of the trigger food to patients over a period of time was able to make use of a modified flour powder in which cranberry polyphenols were bound to peanut proteins. With this extra cargo, the peanut-containing powder triggered the beneficial desensitization reactions, without provoking harmful allergic responses in laboratory tests with mice.

To know more about food allergies, you may read our other articles on this site.

HIV Infection

HIV, also known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a virus which causes AIDS or Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This illness affects the immune system in such a way that the body is made vulnerable to diseases and infections. As the disease progresses, the person becomes more and more susceptible illnesses.

The human immunodeficiency virus is usually present in the body fluids of an infected person. These body fluids include semen, vaginal fluids, blood and breast milk. This virus can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact or blood to blood contact. Infected women can also pass HIV to their babies if they deliver them through childbirth and if they breastfeed the latter. One can acquire HIV through vaginal contact, oral sex, anal sex, contaminated hypodermic needles and blood transfusion.

The virus and the disease itself are termed as HIV/AIDS. A person with HIV/AIDS can have opportunistic infections which can later on need to death. At present, there is not known cure for HIV/AIDS, although there are some treatments that can slow down the course of infection. There are actually people with HIV/ AIDS who are currently living a long and healthy life.

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The causative agent, HIV, is a virus that attacks the T lymphocytes of the immune system. This virus causes AIDS, the syndrome that persists as the advanced stage of HIV infection. Some people can have HIV infection but do not develop AIDS. People at risk for HIV/AIDS should undergo HIV testing to determine whether they have HIV infection in the early stages. During the early stages, HIV infection can be treated with preventive drugs to slow down the growth and multiplication of the virus and delay the onset of AIDS. People with AIDS still have the HIV virus and are still infectious; they can still transmit infection to other people.

During the early stages of the infection, patients with HIV may have no symptoms while others may develop flu-like symptoms. These symptoms may develop within two to six weeks after acquiring the virus. Early symptoms may include fever, chills, joint pain, sore throat, night sweating, a red rash, weakness, tiredness, weight loss and weakness.

After the initial symptoms, there may be no further symptoms for many years, up to 10 years. During this time, a person with HIV may appear healthy. However, if left untreated, HIV can weaken the body's immune system, making the patient vulnerable to serious illnesses. Late-stage HIV infection can bring about signs and symptoms such as blurred vision, long-term diarrhea, dry cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, swollen glands, shortness of breath, weight loss and white spots in the tongue and mouth. The patient becomes at risk to more serious illnesses such as esophagitis, infections of the nervous system, pneumonia, cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma, invasive cervical cancer, lung cancer, rectal carcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, head and neck cancers, lymphomas), toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis.

Nutrition in HIV Patients

A recent study has shown that daily nutritional supplementation for the first three months of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV can improve the condition of HIV patients. This study, done by researchers from the University of Copenhagen and Jimma University, Ethiopia have shown that patients who took nutritional supplements with ART gained three times as much weight than those who took ART without nutritional supplements. The patients who had supplementation did not just gain fat, they also gained muscle mass. In addition they have improved muscle strength and they are able to manage daily tasks well. Immune status was also restored in these patients. Thus nutritional supplementation is recommended in these patients.

You can learn more about HIV/ AIDS from our other articles on this site.

Alcoholism

Alcoholism is a condition characterized by a distinct physical desire to consume alcohol even though it is beyond their capacity to control doing so. This is regardless of common sense or will power. Alcoholics have a physical compulsion and a mental obsession to consume alcohol. They may often experience craving for alcohol even at the worst possible times. The alcoholic often has no idea when or how to stop drinking.

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Alcoholics often have a certain obsession with alcohol in the long run. Alcoholism is being viewed as a chronic disease nowadays. This condition can disrupt a person's daily activities and can cause serious problems at home and at work. It can be physically, emotionally and financially draining to have an alcoholic partner.

Alcohol, when consumed moderately, cannot cause any physical or psychological harm on a person. People who consume alcohol and do not have the characteristics of alcoholism are not alcohol dependent as alcoholics are. This means that these people have not yet lost their control over their alcohol consumption. Moderate alcohol consumption can lead to social drinking which can also lead to heavier alcohol consumption and eventually alcoholism. Alcoholism can further cause serious physical and psychological health problems.

An alcoholic often exhibits several symptoms such as drinking alone, drinking secretly, no control over how much alcohol is consumed, having drinking rituals, being anxious or irritated when rituals are disturbed or commented on, drinking before or during or after work, missing out on previous hobbies because of drinking, losing interest in one's job or previous hobbies, feeling an urge to drink, irritability during drinking times especially if alcohol is not available during those times, stashing alcohol in unlikely places, gulping alcoholic drinks down in order to feel good, having relationship problems, having problems with the law, having work problems because of drinking, financial problems, and undesirable symptoms such as nausea and tremors when not drinking.

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A person gradually develops dependence on alcohol within a few years to several decades. Over time, alcohol consumption can disrupt substances in the brain such as brain chemical GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). GABA is a substance that controls impulsiveness; another chemical, glutamate, stimulates the nervous system. Dopamine levels in the brain are raised when we consume alcohol; this contributes to a more pleasant experience. All these chemicals contribute to alcohol craving which makes them feel good. Other risk factors can lead to excessive drinking include genes, the age when alcohol was first taken, smoking, easy access to alcohol, stress, peer drinking, low self-esteem, depression, media and advertising, and how the body metabolizes alcohol.

Alcohol Consumption in Young People

A recent study has shown that people who are heavy social drinkers and who experience greater stimulation and reward from alcohol are most likely to become alcoholics in the future. This study was published in the May 15 issue of the journal Biological Psychiatry. This research done by researchers from the University of Chicago is a a double-blind, placebo-controlled study that analyzed the subjective response of 104 young adult heavy social drinkers to alcohol and tracked their long-term drinking habits. The researchers found out that heavy drinkers who found pleasure from alcohol in their 20s were more likely to have alcohol-related problems during their 30s or older.

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