Asthma

Asthma is characterized by expiratory dyspnea crisis, often at night, not related to a cardiovascular disease, between which any associated obstructive syndrome does not persist, associated with blood and sputum eosinophilia.  It was initially included, along with chronic bronchitis and emphysema in COPD. Today it is considered as a separate entity.

For positive diagnosis of asthma, you should have at least three of the following five criteria: personal or family history of allergy, the onset of the crisis before 25 or after 50 years, paroxysmal and expiratory dispneea , reversibility of crisis under corticosteroid  treatment, disturbances of the plasmatic volumes and flow expiratory volume (FEV decline in particular).

Asthma symptoms and causes

Bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema are entering the broad concept of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Asthma, bronchitis, can often be the cause of the onset of emphysema. Asthma can become infected, wearing the look of bronchitis asthma. The latter is preceded always by asthma.

Asthma Causes

Asthma is not a disease, but rather a syndrome, which lasts a lifetime (the patient is born and dies with asthma), it has a long and sicontinous evolution, very capricious. It has an allergies base, with two elements: a general factor (atopic) and local factors (airway hypersensitivity). The key is the general factor, atopic (allergic), which is usually hereditary.

The most common allergens are: pollen, chamber dust, animal hair and dander, fungi, some food allergens (milk, eggs, meat) or drugs (aspirin, penicillin and some microbial products).

Asthma Causes

Asthma Signs And Symptoms

At first, the attacks are typical, with a very abrupt beginning and end, with free intervals, later in intervals between crises, there are signs of emphysema and chronic bronchitis with dyspnea more or less obvious. The crisis usually occurs in the second half of the night, often violently, with dyspnea and anxiety, itching and hypersecretion, sometimes it is announced by sneezing, tearing, itching of the eyelids, and a headache. Paroxysmal dyspnea intalls with difficulty in breathing with prolonged expiration and wheezing. The patient remains in bed or runs to the window to breathe with a big air thirst. The patient usually sits with his head back and supported in their hands, with bloodshot eyes and dilated nostrils.

Bronchial Asthma

Evolution is long, variable and very capricious. Pure form occurs in children and tends to diminish at puberty. Sometimes, seizures are very common. Over time, complications arise: bronchopulmonary infections (chronic bronchitis, bronchial dilatations, lung diseases), pulmonary emphysema, respiratory failure and many more.

Heartburn

Gastro-esophageal burning (heartburn) is caused by many factors, but in most cases acid reflux is to blame. I mean, part of the digestive juices that are normally found in the stmach make their way up into the esophagus (the pipe between the mouth and stomach). The stomach has a protective layer defending it against the action of acids, but the esophagus has no such defense. Therefore, stomach acid causes intense burning pain, sometimes so strong that people think they have a heart attack.

Heartburn

Of course, heartburn has nothing to do with the heart, but burning pain, gastro-esophageal paint, can be easily confused with angina. Symptoms can be tricky even for physicians, especially because heart pain can be felt as stomach pain.

However, heartburn caused by acid reflux is often associated with other symptoms: acid taste in mouth, worsening pain when bending forward or backwards, nausea, intestinal gas, burning sensation when swallowing hot beverages and coughing during the night.

Heartburn Acid Reflux

Eating big meals is the most common cause of heartburn, but not alone. You can also experience heartburn even without doing anything wrong. Here’s what you can do:

• Do not exaggerate. Gastric acids can be pushed up the esophagus when the stomach is too full. The more you fill your stomach, the more acid will climb up the esophagus. There can be many causes of heartburn, but the common patient is usually a person who eats too much and too fast.
• Fatty and fried foods tend to stay long in the stomach and determine the production of excess acid. You can avoid crises if you stay away from fatty meats and dairy products.
• Do not blame it on spices. Chili peppers and spices may seem the obvious cause, but it is not always true. Some people with heartburn can eat spicy food without suffering more.
• Oranges and lemons. Citrus seem to be a cause fo a disease like this, but citrus fruits contain acid that has a different composition than your stomach produces. Let the stomach choose!
• Take an antacid. Generally, antacids sold over the counter  can bring a quick heartburn relief occasionally. These products help neutralize stomach acids, . You can take them before or after a meal.
• Milk can aggravate the situation. Milk, for the moment creates a relief sensation, but it does more harm than good given the fact that it stimulates stomach acid secretion. Milk contains fat, protein and calcium, all of them powerfull triggers of  stomach acid secretion.
• Caffeine. Drinks with caffeine – coffee, tea, cola – can irritate an already inflamed esophagus. Caffeine relaxes the esophageal sphincter.
• Avoid carbonated drinks. All those little bubbles can expand your stomach, having the same effect as eating a big meal
• Check your medication. A heartburn source can be medication. Some prescription drugs, among them antidepressants, sedatives, antibiotics, heart and hypertension pills, painkillers and anti-inflammatory steroids may worsen heartburn.
• Allow hot beverages to cool. Very hot drinks may aggravate an already sensitive and inflamed esophagus. It takes time and if you want an extra coffee or tea, drink them only warm.
• Do not eat chocolate. Number one food you should avoid it if you have gastro-esophageal heartburn is chocolate. It is a double enemy for those with heartburn: it is composed almost entirely from fat and caffeine.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an inflammation and sometimes infection of the lining of the bronchial airway, the airways that connect the trachea and lungs. Bronchitis is often triggered by an upper respiratory infection and if not cared for properly can lead to pneumonia. In many ways it is very similar to a cold. It is usually the result of a virus, and consequently antibiotics will not do very much good. But sometimes bronchitis is caused by bacteria, and antibiotics are very effective in this case. Acute bronchitis usually heals spontaneously within 1-2 weeks, but after healing some people can experience wheezing. Here are some useful tips to breathe easier during the disease.

Stop smoking. This is the most important decision you can take, especially if you are a chronic sufferer. Quit smoking and your chances increase dramatically to get rid of bronchitis. Between 90 and 95 percent of chronic bronchitis are the direct consequence of smoking. Some lung damage may be irreversible, but with fewer years of smoking it is more likely to achieve complete healing.

Vehemently reject passive smoking.  Avoid people who smoke, and if your partner is a smoker,  led him to quit. Smoking  practiced by others can be the cause of your bronchitis. Exosure to “second hand” smoke also known as passive smoking can lead to bronchitis.

Maintain fluid intake. Drinking plenty of fluids will help clear mucus fluid and will relieve the cough. 5 to 7 glasses of water per day means a good thing to get rid of bronchitis. Hot liquids or plain water are the best. Avoid caffeine and alcohol (they are diuretics and stimulate urination, causing a considerable loss of fluid).

Breathe in warm and humid environment. Warm, moist air facilitates mucus expectoration. If you have a thick or difficult to remove phlegm, a vaporizer will help streamline secretions. A cheaper alternative to the vaporizer is an electric pot for boiling water, placed in the bedroom. The same thing you can do in the shower breathing vapors gathered in the room.

Stand over the sink. Fill sink with hot water, cover your head with a towel that also covers the sink edges and inhale vapors for 5-10 minutes  every several hours.

Listen to your cough. If you have a productive cough with expectorated phlegm,  do not not to stop it completely. If you do not cough, lung tissue will not be able to remove what it wants to remove. On the other hand, if the cough is not productive, you have to resort to drugs to suppress it. Most effective cough suppressant ingredient in preparations sold over the counter is pholcodine.

Focus on prevention. The categories of persons who are at the greatest risk of contracting bronchitis are of course infants, young children, heavy smokers, heart or lung disease sufferers and older people. Vulnerable people should avoid outdoor activity and performing exhausting exercise in places where air pollution is high.

Vaccinate yourself against influenza. If you have chronic bronchitis, vaccinate against flu each fall. Vaccination against influenza is also recommended for people older than 60 years, asthma sufferers , heart sufferers , people with immune deficiency, and other chronic disease sufferrers. A vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia is also recommended for these individuals, as well as for anyone over 75 years old.

Cystitis

Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder. In most cases a bacterial infection is responsible for causing the inflammation, in which case it is considered an urinary tract infection.Cystitis is very unpleasant and sometimes painful, and can represent a real health threat if the infection spreads to the kidneys. In very few cases, the disease may occur as a reaction to radiotherapy, certain drugs or irritants such as intimate perfumes or spermicide gels.

Cystitis Symptoms

• Urgent feeling to urinate
• Burning sensation while urinating
• Involuntary loss of small amounts of urine
• Cloudy urine with a strong odor
• Pain, discomfort in the pelvic area
• Feeling of pressure in the abdomen
• Sometimes fever

Cystitis Pain

In young children we can talk about enuresis (unintentional bed wetting) which may be a sign of infection if: the phenomenon takes place even during the day and at night, or occurs only during the day. The situation of lack of control over bladder sphincter which is manifested only at night does not involve urinary tract infection.

Symptoms can be severe, but this must not scare you. The problem can be solved with a visit to your doctor and  appropriate treatment. To stay away next time, read on and learn what are the causes of this kind of problem.

Cystitis is described as an inflammation of the bladder, caused by the presence of germs in the bladder. It is a rather common condition and almost all women suffer from cystitis at some point. Men are not so affected . Men have a longer urethra, (the tube through which urine is eliminated), so pathogens have a longer way up to reach the bladder. Some people are more prone than others to infection of the bladder or recurrent urinary tract infections. One such category is represented by women. The main reason is the body anatomy of females: they have a shorter urethra than men.

Cystitis Risk Factors

Women who are prone to urinary infections are those who:

• Are sexually active – after intercourse bacteria reach the urethra more easily
• Are using certain types of contraception – Women who use the diaphragm in the high risk category for developing urinary tract infections (diaphragms with  spermicide substances increases the risk even further)
• Pregnancy – Hormonal changes during pregnancy increases the chances of developing bladder infections.

• Difficulty in urinating – this may be caused by conditions such as the presence of bladder stones or enlarged prostate in men.
• Changes in the immune system – this is most frequently in people who suffer from chronic diseases like diabetes, HIV infection, or those undergoing treatment for cancer.
• Prolonged usage of catheters in people who suffer from other conditions.

Viral Hepatitis – What You Should Know About HAV, HBV, HCV

Every year we need to monitor our health with the help of different medical tests so we can stay away from unpleasant surprises.
The attention we give to our health has a preventive character and its purpose is early identification of specific diseases correlated to age, season, genetic factors, and so on. Particular attention should be given to liver diseases because liver damage can be in many cases irreversible. Although the liver is the only organ capable of regeneration (diseased cells are replaced with new and healthy ones), can be subjected to constant infectious aggresion (viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E) or noninfectious (hepatitis caused by alcohol, drugs, obesity) leading to severe liver disease like hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones, liver cancer, Wilson’s disease.

Viral Hepatitis

They represent a group of diseases characterized by impaired liver function due to the multiplication of viruses in liver cells. Acute liver damage is initially acute (first 6 months of infection), most liver viruses persist in the body and gradually modify the architecture and functionality of the liver leading to irreversible stages. Liver disease that evolves over 6 months is called chronic hepatitis and viruses that can cause these diseases are: hepatitis virus B in combination or not with delta hepatitis virus (hepatitis D virus) and hepatitis C virus.

HBV

HAV (hepatitis A virus)

HAV only causes acute hepatitis (heals in 2-3 months). Once we have contacted this type of hepatitis we develop immune protection for life. Acute hepatitis A infection is an overall body infection, but is predominantly affecting the liver. Dirty hands, contaminated food and water are the main sources of infection. It is transmitted through blood, injections, surgery. The virus multiplies in liver cells but does not injure them therefore after virus removal, the liver is left without permanent damage.

HBV and hepatitis D virus

Chronic hepatitis B is caused by hepatitis B virus that persists for more than six months.
The most common ways of transmission for hepatitis B are through infected blood and blood products, unprotected intercourse with an infected person and transmission from mother to child (birth moment is the most infectious stage).
Frequently, infection with hepatitis B virus  is associated with hepatitis virus D and sometimes C or even HIV virus. Hepatitis D virus can not determine chronic hepatitis without associated B virus infection. The presence of hepatitis D virus is reveald by the presence of HVD antigen found in the blood.

After an episode of acute hepatitis B, the virus :

• Can remain dormant in the body (will not cause clinical symptoms and transaminases have normal values) but it can be transmitted by the chronic carrier.
• Can multiply in the liver resulting in permanent injuries causing chronic hepatitis.
• One third of those infected with the virus will evolve to stage B cirrhosis and liver cancer. 60% of hepatic carcinomas are grafted on liver that is infected with hepatitis B virus.

Symptoms of chronic hepatitis B are sudden fatigue, drowsiness, pain in the liver area, dyspepsia, enlarged liver (hepatomegaly).
Association of hepatitis D virus with hepatitis B virus can cause severe forms of hepatitis, frequently leading to the development of liver failure. Cirrhotic patients without virus or with hepatitis C virus must be vaccinated against hepatitis B virus, any additional aggression of the liver will result in a accelerated evolution of major complications (gastrointestinal bleeding, cancer).

HCV (hepatitis C virus)

Chronic hepatitis occurs when the virus is present in blood for 6 months after the acute infection, even if transaminases are normal and there is no microscopic liver changes. Hepatitis C virus infection is the most common infection transmitted by injection.

Hepatitis virus C infection has a very high occurrence frequency, causing over 20% of acute hepatitis, 70% of chronic hepatitis, 40% of liver cirrhosis, 60% of liver cancers and 50% of causes of liver transplantation.

Risk factors for infection with this virus are represented by:

• Intravenously-infected contact with a infected syringe needle, infected blood transfusions, intravenous administrated drugs using infected syringe needles.
• Mother-newborn infection transmission.
• Intercourse with an infected person – multiple partners
• Hemodialysis (patients with end-stage renal disease).

Hepatitis

Most acute infections with hepatitis C virus progress to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and in some cases even to liver cancer, especially if the virus is helped by other damaging factors like alcohol, associated hepatitis B virus infection or weakened immune system caused by other severe diseases.
Chronic hepatitis does not give many symptoms for a long period of time. When liver damage is quite severe, fatigue, discomfort under the lower right ribs, dyspepsia or rash can be present.

Even if a good period of time it does not cause any important symptoms, chronic hepatitis C must be treated with seriousness, due to resistance to treatment and evolution to serious complications (cirrhosis and liver cancer) which are very probable.

Why do I have a runny nose?

Excessive nasal secretions help eliminate viruses from the nose and sinuses. After 2-3 days, the body’s immune cells react and change the color of secretions in white or yellow. Bacteria that normally live in the nasal mucosa can be found in nasal secretions, which in this case will be greenish. This is normal and you do not need systemic antibiotics. Often, excess mucus can be removed through your pharynx more during the night, causing coughing and dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing).

Common Cold

Why is my nose stuffy?

The nose is not clogged due to excess mucus with high viscosity. Congestion is due to thickening of the membrane lining inside of the respiratory tract – nose to the lungs – due to inflammation and dilation of blood vessels. Stuffy nose (nasal congestion) and rhinorrhea (runny nose) basically have the same causes.

Sneezing

Sneezing is caused by irritation of the membrane lining of the inner nose and throat, and can be very annoying, but it is not a sign of gravity.

Common Cold Sneezing

Common Causes

• A cold – is the most common cause (it’s usually caused by viruses) and nasal secretions are colorless, yellow or green in color if they may indicate a bacterial overgrowth.
• Influenza
• Sinusitis (nasal secretions may be more viscous, colorless, yellow, brown or green)
• Allergic rhinitis (nasal secretions are usually clear and watery, associated with nasal and ocular itching and irritation, sneezing, coughing)
• Inhalation of small objects (especially in children)

Associated symptoms include fever, headaches and muscle pain.

What can be done at home

Fluidisation of nasal secretions try to prevent complications such as ear and sinus infections by:

• Inhaling warm air over a steamy pot.
• Using saline nasal sprays
• Drinking lots of fluids (water or juice)
• Regularly blowing your nose
• Washing your hands very often to limit the spread of germs, teaching your children to wash their hands
• Hot foot baths
• Resting

Common Cold Remedy

Medication

Medications can help reduce symptoms. However, some of them may have unwanted side effects, thus they should only be given by the physician or pharmacist. The common cold treatment goals are to reduce symptoms and prevent complications.

• Local anti-inflammatories reduce inflammation which is responsible for symptoms. Local antibiotics may be associated to prevent secondary bacterial infections.
• Local antiseptics may contribute to the eradication of viruses
• Systemic antibiotics rush the cure of a cold, can even be responsible for side effects (allergy, gastro-intestinal disorders) and selection of resistant strains. They should be used only in the case of bacterial complications: bacterial sinusitis or otitis media.
• Nasal decongestants may be used but are contraindicated in children and in people with associated diseases. They can also give rebound rhinorrhea (increased nasal secretion). They should not be used for more than three days. Pharmacist and doctor’s advice should be always taken into account.
• Antihistamines help reduce nasal secretions and sneezing caused by allergys, but in some cases you may need steroids.
• Antitussives (in case of dry cough) or Expectorants (in case of productive cough) may also be very useful.
• Antipyretics ( they reduce fever) , and painkillers help relieve general symptoms like fever and mialgias (muscle pain)

Diabetes And Risk Factors

You have diabetes? In this case you should try to correct a number of factors that often coexist with diabetes and which, like diabetes, entails a risk of cardiovascular accidents – such as heart attacks or cerebral strokes way higher than normal.
Cardiovascular risk factors are those well known conditions, that are not necessarily categorized as diseases which accelerate atherosclerosis, thus indicating a shorter life expectancy, as evidenced by statistics. So far, seven such situations have been identified:

• Diabetes – is indicated by an increased level of glucose (blood sugar level)
• Hypertension – indicated by high blood pressure in arteries
• Hyperlipidemia – is indicated mainly by higher than normal levels of blood cholesterol
• Obesity – pathological condition manifested by an abnormal weight gain
• Sedentary lifestyle – is indicated by the lack of physical exercise practice (less than 30 minutes each day)
• Smoking – is associated with other risk factors and can influence the evolution of diabetes and cardiovascular complications.
• Stressful life style – a stressful life can not always be changed, but if you are motivated enough to make at least one change in your life, you can significantly reduce the amount of stress.

Do Not Forget:

1. All risk factors can be corrected, and in most cases it can be quite effortless
2. The first three – diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia – can not be cured yet, but can still be treated very effectively.
3. Conditions and habits like overweight, sedentary lifestyle and smoking can be changed.

Correction of cardiovascular risk factors is possible and should really be considered, because with age it becomes more difficult to achieve.

How to prevent diabetes complications

High levels of blood sugar caused by diabetes can endanger blood vessels and nerves in the whole body. High blood pressure (hypertension) and cholesterol excess may also contribute to complications.

To help prevent these complications of diabetes, you must ensure that blood glucose, blood pressure and blood fats are kept within normal limits.

You can do so through diet, through exercise, quitting smoking. Sticking with medication and monitoring blood pressure and blood glucose levels (blood sugar).

Diabetes Affected Organs

Affected Organs

Eyes – retina may be affected by diabetes. This condition is called retinopathy. Retinopathy is considered to be the most common cause of blindness in people that have over 65 years. Regular examination by an eye doctor is vital.

Kidneys – kidneys act as a filter that remove wastes from your blood. Diabetes can affect kidney filtration system and sometimes causing them not to work at all. Kidney impairment can be diagnosed by blood tests and specific tests, which determine the presence of proteins in urine. High blood pressure is also an indicator of kidney damage. Follow among your doctor your kidney status.

Feet – feet need special care if you suffer from diabetes. Blood circulation in the legs and sensitivity will diminish in intensity. Small cuts or corns can easily turn into wounds. Examine your feet every day and be alert to any sign of gall, blister or cut. If you find any of these signs, ask a doctor for advice.

Blood vessels and heart – heart and blood vessels throughout the body can be blocked by fatty deposits or blood clots. These blockages interrupt the blood flow to tissues and can lead to cerebral vascular accidents or serious cardiac events. Check your blood cholesterol at least once a year.

Appendicitis

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal surgical emergency. This condition commonly occurs in people between 9 and 30 years, but its onset can be possible at any age, there are known cases of individual manifestations in elderly patients like pseudotumoral apendicitis.

Acute appendicitis is a disease characterized by inflammation of the appendix. Once started, the inflammatory process can not be stopped using medication, the only working treatment of this condition is the surgical one. If the surgical intervention is delayed, the disease may become complicated: from catarrhal stage (early stage) to phlegmon stage, gangrenous later (necrosis of apendix), with perforation and peritonitis which is initially localized then generalized, resulting in patient’s death.

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is a vermiform tubular structure attached to the first portion of the large intestine (colon), named cecum. The structure is lymphatic (hollow body organ with abundant lymphatic tissue). Its function is not well known, and it is considered primarily a remnant of the embryo. Its removal by appendectomy (appendicitis operation in which the appendix is extracted when it gets inflamed) does not alter the digestive function.

Causes of apendicitis

The cause of appendicitis can be, in many cases, obstruction of the lumen and body cavity, or due to lymphatic proliferation stimulated by bacterial proliferation or the presence of  small foreign bodies.

This obstruction of the lumen causes an increase in intraluminal pressure (inside the appendix body) causing blood circulation disorders resulting in inflammation that can evolve without treatment, to gangrene and perforation (rupture). We can also talk about a genetic predisposition to obstruction as a cause of appendicitis.

Appendicitis symptoms

Symptoms are varied but they do have certain characteristics:

• Pain  which is initially located in the epigastric region (or lower chest) and periombilical (around belly button), then in right iliac fossa, often radiating to the right lower limb. Pain intensity is different and can be variable from one stage to another. If a slight discomfort is present initially, later may transform into unbearable pain leading even to muscle contraction (abdomen becomes hard to palpation).
• Loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, constipation or diarrhea.
• Subfebrility (mild fever)

In some cases it can evolve very quickly without the representative symptoms in patients with immunosuppressive therapy used for organ transplants and in patients with certain diseases like HIV patients, patients with diabetes mellitus, patients under cancer treatment with chemotherapy or obese patients.

Appendicitis Symptoms

During pregnancy

Also pregnant women, small children and the elderly may have a particular forms of manifestation. Women during pregnancy often have symptoms such as pain, nausea and vomiting, but when they present unusual properties and intensities, the patient must present to the emergency surgeon for special examination.

In small children

The appearance of this disease in small children raises special problems because of their inability to communicate pain to the doctor. They may have atypical symptoms like just vomiting, drowsiness, difficulty in feeding, constipation. Specialized medical consultation should requested quickly, especially in small children where the disease can often evolve without intermediate stages.

In elderly patients

Different manifestations can be present therefore diagnosis is more difficult. Pseud-occlusive form may be present with mimicking symptoms of intestinal obstruction or pseudotumoral form with mimicking symptoms of a cecum tumor.

Breast Fibroadenoma

Breast fibroadenoma is a benign tumor characterized by proliferation of stromal and glandular elements of the breast. It is the most common form of benign breast tumor and is observed in the first three decades of life. Formation appears as single, rarely multiple 1-5 cm diameter, well delimited, with a smooth surface, mobile on the over and underlying plans, rarely adjacent to the skin, painless, do not change during the menstrual cycle and regress at menopause.
The etiology incriminated is changes in plasma estrogen levels and changes in the estrogen%progesterone ratios.

Breast Fibroadenoma

Causes Of Breast Fibroadenoma

Fibroadenomas are benign tumors composed of stromal and epithelial cells. They are seen mostly in young women. Multiple fibroadenomas may indicate a slightly increased risk of breast cancer. Patients with fibroadenoma, have a increased risk of approximately two times compared to healthy ones. These tumors shows hyperplastic or proliferating processes in a single ductal unit. Their development is considered an aberration of normal development of the breast. The cause of these tumors is unknown. Approximately 10% of fibroadenomas spontaneously disappear every year, and in most ceases they stop growing after reaching 2-3 cm.

Fibroadenoamas can regress in postmenopausal women. They can develop intraductal calcifications. Conversely, can grow rapidly in pregnancy, hormonal therapy or immunosuppression, in which case malignant trasnformation is stimulated. Immunosuppression in patients with multiple fibroadenoamas relates to Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Fibroadenomas

Breast Fibroadenoma Signs And Symptoms

Fibroadenoma may occur in girls and women of any age. Tumors generally regress after menopause. They rarely occur in elder women, so any new solid lesion in an elderly woman should be considered malignant until proven otherwise. Cancers are the most common solid tumors in postmenopausal women.
Fibroadenoma has a prevalence of 7-10 percent in women over 40 years. Fibroadenoma is the most common solid breast tumors after breast cancer. Fibdroadenoamas are common in young women due to the fact that woman under 40 are not investigated using imaging methods. Detection through  palpation is the most common method by which tumors are discovered in this age group.

Fibroadenoma Breast

On clinical examination fibroadenoma lesions are round, movable, elastic, can be palpable or nonpalpable. Their size varies from 1 cm to 15 cm in diameter.

Most often, the tumors are removed when they have between 2-4 cm in diameter. Young women usually present palpable tumors. Fibroadenoma is often detected accidentally at a medical examination or self-examination as a discrete solitary mass of 1-2 cm. Although they may be located anywhere in the breast, they are frequently discovered in the upper quadrant. Fibroadenomas have a consistency of rubber they are soft and painless.

Cancer can be caused by the presence of a fibroadenoma. Incrising size, changes in margin regularity and small calcification development suggest the onset of breast cancer.

Sinusitis – Causes And Symptoms

Sinusitis is an inflammatory disease that occurs in the lining of the cranial sinuses. Sinuses are cavities in the thickness of the  jaw, frontal, ethmoid or sphenoid bones, lined with a mucous membrane like the nasal cavity. They communicate with the nose through small channels, the name of the sinuses correspond to bone location: maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, ethmoid sinus and sphenoidal sinus. The role of the sinuses is to warm, filter and humidify the inspired air, and act as a resonance box for sounds that are produced by the vocal cords. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the lining of the sinuses.

Sinusitis Symptoms

Bacterial or viral infections of the nasal mucosa can block the sinus openings therefore sinuses can not drain properly. Secretions accumulates in the sinuses and creates favorable conditions for the development of micro-organisms like bacteria or fungi with the occurrence of infection and pus. Clinically, the patient feels purulent collections in the sinuses as a sensation of pressure in the face.

Sinusitis can be acute or chronic. Besides this classification they are also named after affected bone: frontal sinusitis, maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid.

Sinusitis Causes

Causes of Sinusitis

The most common causes of sinusitis are upper airway infections (especially the common cold), adenoid enlargement, allergies, deviated septum, dental abcesses. Recurrent infections of the nasal mucosa and nasal allergies can also be the cause of sinusitis. In allergic diseases, repeated inflammation of the sinuses and nasal mucosa can lead to chronic sinusitis so as exposure to cold, active or passive smoking and inhalation of irritants for a long time. Anatomical changes that lead to narrowing of the nasal cavity, preventing therefore a good drainage of mucus secretions (septal deviation, trauma that leads to changes in the anatomy of normal nasal cavities) can lead to sinusitis
Another common cause is inhalation of cocaine, which causes necrosis (cell death), with loss of sensitory nasal functions (loss of smell). Other causes can be represented by various diseases that lead to a decrease in immune system function like chronic infection (chronic hepatitis, HIV) or cancer.

Sinusitis

Symptoms and signs of sinusitis

The patient has a sensation of pain or pressure in the sinuses, which he describes as being around his eyes, behind or above the eyebrow or at top of teeth. Abundant secretions, purulent, yellow or green can also be present. The patient shows a malaise, may also present mild fever. The patient complains of odor reduction or in some cases, senses bad smells that are not perceived by other people (the smell comes from his own sinuses).

Sinusitis

Other sinusitis symptoms

• Coughing during the day (cough is worse at night) due to the secretion drainage from the sinuses
• Puffy eyes, especially in the morning
• Bad breath
• Reduced sense of taste and smell
• Toothaches
• Permanent state of fatigue