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Safety and Effectiveness of Acupuncture

Nov 1, 2014

4248

Acupuncture Needle

One of the most popular relaxation and pain-relieving medicinal therapies is acupuncture. Acupuncture is derived from traditional Chinese medicine and is now currently a well-known form of alternative medicine. It was developed from the ancient belief in Taoism of Qi, which Taoists believe is the fundamental energy or force that drives all living things. Acupuncturists believe that they can regulate or channel a person’s Qi through their practice. Despite the current popularity of acupuncture, there is still much controversy surrounding it that involves its medicinal use. Many doubts its effectiveness and others are even more wary of its safety, as both the apparatuses and the process itself may produce adverse health effects.

Process of acupuncture

The actual mechanism of acupuncture involves stimulating specific points along the body, known as acupuncture points. This is most commonly achieved through the use of flexible, stainless steel acupuncture needles. The needle is first sterilized and tested by the practitioner before being inserted into the right acupuncture point. The depth and manner of insertion vary, depending on the disposition of the patient and the area of the body that is receiving treatment. Once inserted into the skin at the right area, the patient feels a tingling sensation, known as “De Qi.” The De Qi is important for illness treatment and is controlled by the acupuncturist through the manipulation of the needles. Other related acupuncture practices include acupressure, moxibustion, and Auriculotherapy.

Doubts on effectiveness and safety

Many critics doubt the effectiveness of acupuncture as a therapy for pain relief. They cite the lack of a scientific basis behind the mechanism of acupuncture. They claim that the relief many patients feel is due to a placebo effect. Several studies have been conducted to test whether patients that underwent “fake” acupuncture experienced the same relief as those that underwent real acupuncture therapy. The much greater controversy over acupuncture lies in its safety, as its invasive nature risks several viral and bacterial infections. Any of the apparatuses used, such as the towels and needles, could pass pathogens into a patient’s body. Other adverse side-effects from acupuncture may occur in patients with certain conditions, such as spinal disease and hemophilia.

Reported benefits

Despite the debate regarding its effectiveness, there have been several reported cases of conditions healed through acupuncture. Studies have shown that acupuncture is helpful in providing relief for chronic back pain. Many look to acupuncture to relieve lower back pain and migraines. Acupuncture may also be used to treat allergic rhinitis and persistent itches. Its pain-relieving qualities make it a helpful therapy for several cancer patients and for others suffering from physical debilitating conditions. While it may not be able to cure the actual illness, patients claim that it is more helpful in giving them relief than other forms of medication. The therapeutic effects of acupuncture make it ideal for alleviating stress and treating anxiety disorders. Acupuncture is also an effective depression treatment, and has helped in imbuing patients with more optimistic dispositions. Regardless of the general skepticism targeted toward acupuncture, most patients still prefer it over not having any form of pain relief therapy.

Safety guidelines

Many rules and regulations have been adopted regarding the safety of acupuncture. Acupuncturists are strictly trained to clean their equipment and learn how to properly analyze their patients’ conditions before beginning the therapy. As a natural treatment, acupuncture is also generally safer than certain medications and less risky than more invasive procedures. The World Health Organization has approved of acupuncture as a safe form of pain treatment, provided that it is administered by a licensed and skilled practitioner.

What Is Behind Fibromyalgia?

Oct 31, 2014

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Fibromyalgia

If you are experiencing a long term, widespread pain in your muscles and soft tissues, you might be suffering from a fibromyalgia. This condition is a chronic disorder characterized by diffuse tenderness on your muscles with chronic pain and trigger points. The term comes from a Latin word that means fibrous, muscles and pain. Doctors describe this condition to be related to arthritis, but it does not belong to this inflammatory group of condition affecting mainly the joint, although at times one may experience tenderness in the joint as well. Like arthritis, fibromyalgia in its extreme condition can significantly affect the quality of life of the person affected by it. Commonly experienced are chronic fatigue and pain that can interfere with the person's ability to perform his activities of daily living.

Who are susceptible to fibromyalgia?

About 80 percent of fibromyalgia patients are women. The condition is usually diagnosed during the middle age, but doctors noted that some of the symptoms are already present at the age of 18. Individuals who are more susceptible to fibromyalgia are those with the history of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Doctors have reason to believe that it may be a hereditary condition, although there is no clinical study that can support this theory. Individuals with high sensitivity to stimuli are also at high risk of experiencing the painful condition. Fibromyalgia is also present among individuals who have depression and worrisome.

What are the symptoms of fibromyalgia?

The main symptom of fibromyalgia is the presence of tender points. These are localized areas where tenderness is present. One can identify a tender point when it causes pain upon pressing on the muscle with a finger. The pain felt is usually superficial and not deep into the muscle. The size of the tender points is usually small and they are highly sensitive when pressed, causing the sensation of pain that may often make a person suddenly pull back. These tender points usually spread across the neck, back, shoulders, buttocks and knees. The main cause of the tender points remains unknown, but they show predictable areas where they commonly occur.

Fibromyalgia can also cause muscle spasms, chronic muscle pain, muscle tightness, insomnia, fatigue, muscle stiffness and decreased energy. The pain can cause the person to experience difficulty thinking and doing some mental tasks, especially when the pain involves the neck area and the shoulders. Tension migraine is also common and may be accompanied by the feeling of nausea and facial tenderness. Chronic fibromyalgia can also result in depression, especially when it interferes with the person's ability to perform his activities of daily living.

Making a diagnosis of fibromyalgia

Late diagnosis of fibromyalgia is very common because the symptoms usually overlap with other condition. What makes diagnosis for the condition more difficult, however, is that there is no clinical tool that can diagnose fibromyalgia. Doctors usually rely on the clinical symptoms that patients manifest in order to conclude that one has fibromyalgia, after ruling out other potential conditions that may cause the chronic pain and fatigue that are common symptoms of fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia treatment and management

There is no definite cure for fibromyalgia. The treatment approach in fibromyalgia management includes exercise, physical therapy and medications. Medication therapy consists of taking analgesics and NSAIDs for pain. Complementary therapy and relaxation techniques are also prescribed to help relieve the muscles from tension and stress. The exercise consists of stretching and active movement of the joints and muscles. This is known to relieve the muscles from the formation of tender points.

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder. However, it is not a progressive condition, but will likely be experienced throughout your lifetime. Avoiding a sedentary life can help prevent the formation of tender points and it can reduce the episodes of muscle fatigue and weakness.

How to Strengthen the Immune System Against HIV

Oct 30, 2014

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Immune System Cell

The human immunodeficiency virus is responsible for causing one of the world's most deadly diseases, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. HIV is almost 60 times smaller than any red blood cell and is part of the Lentivirus genus under the Retroviridae family. The virus attacks immune cells, such as macrophages, and subsequently leads to the immune system’s failure, causing several life-threatening infections to flourish within the body. HIV infection occurs through the fluid transmission, and can be contracted through blood transfusions, pregnancy, or contact with infected saliva. Sexual intercourse is the most common means of HIV transmission, through seminal and vaginal fluid that is passed to a non-infected individual. HIV/AIDS remains one of the top causes of death worldwide, resulting in 1.5 million casualties yearly.

Stages of HIV infection and symptoms

Early onset signs of HIV can be difficult to detect, as the virus can lie dormant after initial contraction for several years. During the primary infection a month after viral contraction, patients develop a flu-like illness known as acute HIV infection. The next stage of HIV infection is the clinically latent stage. This is the dormant phase wherein the virus lies inactive and many patients do not experience symptoms for as long as eight to ten years. During early symptomatic HIV infection, the virus begins to grow and attack immune cells, resulting in continued illness symptoms. If the patient has not received any HIV treatment during the first 10 years, their condition develops into AIDS, wherein their immune systems enter critical condition.

Staying healthy

There is no current cure for HIV/AIDS. The best way for patients to fight the symptoms of the disease is to stay as healthy as possible and strengthen their immune systems. This requires lifestyle changes that are important for keeping the body in good condition. A healthy diet loads the body with essential vitamins and nutrients to help fortify the immune system. Eating a well-balanced diet full of protein-rich meats, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich dairy products keep the body strong and healthy. It is also important to keep away from oily or fatty foods, as well as too much of artificial sugars.

Rest and exercise

Regular physical activity helps regulate weight, blood pressure, and other factors that keep the immune system functioning properly. Rest is also a very important factor, as over fatigue and stress make the immune system more vulnerable to infection. Stress also elevates blood pressure, leading to hypertension, which in turn causes immunosuppression. Getting the right amounts of sleep each day strengthens the body’s resistance. Rest and relaxation help combat stress, and, together with a healthy diet, keep the immune system in stable condition.

Take precautions

Because HIV makes the immune system much more vulnerable, it is important to take as many safety precautions as possible. Eating certain kinds of food, traveling, or simply going out of the house can all risk exposures to infection. Patients must wash their hands regularly to prevent any bacteria from infecting the body. Any food eaten must always be cooked thoroughly and bought from reliable and clean markets. Patients should take extra measures to avoid staying in any risky environments that could be riddled with bacteria, and keep away from rain or damp areas.

Medications

Certain anti-HIV drugs work to counter the effects of the virus by protecting the immune system. These include non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which prevent the virus from duplicating. Protease inhibitors have similar functions, and fusion inhibitors prevent HIV from entering immune cells. Integrase inhibitors prevent HIV from disseminating its genetic material into immune cells.

Postpartum Depression and Management

Oct 30, 2014

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Postpartum Depression

For some mothers, childbirth does not always bring the expected joy and excitement. Postpartum depression, also referred to as postnatal depression, affects many women after they have given birth. It can happen to as much as 25 percent of new mothers. PPD may be caused by a number of factors during the woman’s pregnancy, such as a lack of proper vitamin intake. Most studies show that one of the most likely causes behind this form of depression are considerable changes to the body’s hormonal balance. Women who have also had postpartum depression with previous children are more likely to have it again with succeeding children. Trauma, anxiety, low self-esteem, and relationship issues are all believed to increase a mother’s risk of developing depression. If any symptoms of PPD are perceived shortly after childbirth, the mother should seek treatment right away.

Symptoms

The signs of post partum depression can occur at any time during the first few weeks or months after childbirth. Severe cases of PPD can last throughout a whole year. These include symptoms of anxiety, quick irritability, anger, and sudden bouts of crying. Mothers feel sad, guilty, and empty. They experience the exact opposite of what other mothers should go through when they meet their child and are unable to feel happiness. PPD may also be driven by a lack of self-esteem or a feeling of not being adequate enough to take care of a baby. Mothers also experience insomnia, severe and sudden changes in mood, intense fatigue, difficulty concentrating, withdrawal from social environments, irregular sleeping and eating patterns, and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously enjoyable activities. The mother-child relationship becomes considerably strained, and the mother may also find herself unable to care for her child properly. In the most dangerous circumstances, the mother may express a desire to harm herself and her child.

Antidepressant medications

There are several forms of medication available to help mothers manage their postpartum depression. Antidepressants are the typically prescribed and effective method of depression treatment, with certain drugs carrying only a minute risk of producing adverse side-effects for the mother or child. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are a group of antidepressants that control mood by increasing serotonin levels in the bloodstream. These include Zoloft, Prozac, Paxil, and Paxil CR. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors regulate the levels of both serotonin and norepinephrine, and include the drugs Effexor and Savella.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy uses a series of psychological and psychiatric techniques to treat PPD. Interpersonal psychotherapy uses open communication to tackle the root problem areas of PPD, including grief associated with loss and relational issues. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps mothers deal with stress by exposing them to positive influences and minimizing the impact of negative thoughts and depressive tendencies. Psychodynamic psychotherapy suggests that PPD may be linked to a mother’s previous experience and attempts to help them overcome these by talking about these events and allowing them to recover from their past. Couples therapy is issued for postpartum depression connected to marital trouble and attempts to repair and strengthen relationships.

Emotional support

Strong emotional support is one of the most important things a mother needs to overcome post partum depression. Comfort from partners, family, and friends is instrumental in helping mothers deal with the emotional difficulties of PPD. Mothers should always have constant support, especially during depressive moments, and should never be left alone to deal with their symptoms. Support groups are also available to allow mothers to connect with others that are similarly suffering from PPD and subsequently help them cope with their condition.

The Role of Vitamin D in Prostate Cancer

Oct 29, 2014

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Vitamin D

A recent study into prostate cancer has revealed some potentially very good news for its patients. Researchers from the University of Colorado Center conducted a study that has put forward evidence of a connection between the disease and Vitamin D levels in the body.� Previously, it was already being known that Vitamin D has inhibitory effects on cancer cells, but its exact mechanism remained uncertain. Thus, it could not be proven as a cancer-fighting substance. Doctor James R. Lambert discovered that the keys linking the two were in inflammation and the gene GDF-15. His team learned that samples of cancerous tissue that exhibited inflammation also showed lower than average levels of GDF-15. These results suggested that GDF-15, which is in turn expressed through the action of Vitamin D, could successfully suppress inflammation in cancerous prostate tissue.

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer strikes the prostate gland in male reproductive systems. It is the most common form of cancer found in males around the world and causes death in an estimated third of all its patients. Men that are diagnosed with prostate cancer are most commonly over 50 years old. The usual symptoms of prostate cancer are urinary and include recurrent urination, difficulty while urinating, painful urination, and blood appearing in the urine. Men may also have difficulties with sexual performance and be unable to achieve an erection or proper ejaculation. Inflammation is believed to be one of the driving symptoms of prostate cancer. It is thought to initiate cancerous cell formation and worsen the condition of prostate cancer.

Vitamin D

Many scientific studies have looked into the general effects of Vitamin D in cancer. The substance, also referred to by the name sunshine vitamin,� was believed to have a mitigating effect on cancer cells due to its various health benefits. A definite link was discovered between Vitamin D and prostate cancer, but it was yet unknown what this exact relationship could be. Some scientists theorized that it could play a role in carcinogenesis, while others thought it might help determine the aggressive extent of cancer. Research has shown that the majority of men with positive prostate cancer diagnoses also suffers from low levels of Vitamin D. Further studies have shown that Vitamin D retards the development of prostate cells, suggesting that a deficiency may cause uncontrollable growth and eventually lead to cancer.

GDF-15

GDF-15 was the connection uncovered between Vitamin D and prostate cancer. Growth differentiation factor 15 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta super family of proteins that help regulate cell structure. GDF-15 specifically controls inflammation and commonly works along areas that experience or are prone to tissue damage, as well as pathways that undergo regular cell death. GDF-15 is up-regulated during periods of serious internal injury, such as those that may occur in various organs. During the Colorado study, Lambert and his team discovered that this up-regulation is controlled by Vitamin D. Information was finally revealed on the potential mechanism Vitamin D has on cancer inhibition.

Implications

This study has produced some very promising results for prostate cancer patients. The research team has also discovered that Vitamin D, through its action on GDF-15, can inhibit NFkB, which has the effect of increasing inflammatory effects and promoting tumor growth. Thus, an even stronger case has been made for Vitamin D as a possible anti-prostate cancer agent. There is much research still to be done on the topic, but scientists now have a potential treatment that may help in mitigating the effects of prostate cancer in the lives of many men around the world.

The Benefits of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Depressive Syndromes

Oct 28, 2014

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The new trend in healing depressive disorders and symptoms lies in complementary and alternative forms of medicine. Complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM for short, does not rely on any scientific basis or on evidence for its healing properties, but on other factors, such as beliefs, organic sources, and spiritual therapy. While CAM often falls under much controversy for its dubitable medical effectiveness, many claim that it has helped them deal with certain conditions, one of the most prominent of which is depression. CAM has been reported to work on depressive syndromes, such as depression itself and several anxiety disorders. Many people with depression have resulted to CAM and have testified to its benefits as a form of treatment.

Relaxation therapy

Relaxation therapy is a form of CAM that has proven very helpful in fighting anxiety disorders, which have been known to lead to depression. This form of treatment focuses on getting a patient to enter a state of pure calmness and relaxation. This helps reduce any levels of stress, anger, sadness, or pain they may likely be experiencing. Eliminating these negative feelings can help encourage a more positive view and thus assist considerably in combating depression. There are different relaxation methods that may be used, including breathing techniques, calming exercises, and even practices like Yoga, Taichi, and Qigong, that combine both breathing and calming techniques. Stress management teaches patients to control their bodily reactions to stress, such as muscle tension and faster heart rate.

Herbalism and natural medications

Herbal therapy is one of the oldest kinds of CAM. It employs various plants and herbal medicine to treat depressive disorders. Herbalism is preferred by some over current antidepressant medications as a safer form of treatment with less potentially harmful side-effects.� St. John’s Wort, also known as Hypericum perforatum, is an old European herbal remedy for depression that appears to work similarly to many current antidepressants. Kava extract, from the Kava plant from the South Pacific, is an effective mood booster and helps treat generalized anxiety disorder. Folic acid, a common supplement, is believed to assist with depression and may help increase the performance of many antidepressant drugs. Many herbal teas serve as simple ways to provide stress relief.

�Acupuncture

The method of acupuncture as a depression treatment relies on the manipulation of body energy. Many resort to acupuncture to rid their bodies of negative energies that may cause depression and to reinforce their positive energies. This is done by the acupuncturists by working on a patient’s acupuncture points, which are where the Chinese believe the body’s energy primarily flows through. Its effectiveness in producing an overall more positive disposition is greatly supported. It has even been claimed that acupuncture is equally effective as Prozac in treating severe cases of depression. Acupuncture is a beneficial type of therapy that, along with other kinds of CAM, keeps depression patients safe from the normally harmful side-effects of prescription medication.

Faith healing

Faith healing aims to help treat depressive orders through spiritual means. This method benefits depression patients by strengthening their faith, and helping to imbue positive feelings that strongly counter depression symptoms. Faith healing is normally performed through prayer and invokes the strength of a divine power to heal all signs of depression. This form of CAM requires no medication, no invasive techniques, and barely any expenses. All it requires from patients is for them to believe in this divine power and have faith that it can do away with their depression and any negative influences that may cause it in their lives.

A Distorted Body Image in Anorexia Nervosa

Oct 27, 2014

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Distorted body image perception is common in anorexia

Anorexia Nervosa is a form of an eating disorder that manifests a distorted perception about a person's body image. It mainly involves the intense fear of gaining weight with the maladaptive behavior consisting of an overwhelming desire to become thin. As a result, adverse effects to the health occurs which give rise to the development of complications like cardiac arrest, kidney damage, liver damage and even death. About 90% of eating disorder patients are female and the risk for hospitalization is higher as compared with males.

Anorexia was first documented by Richard Morton in 1964. He has patients who were women experiencing decreased appetite, food aversion and amenorrhea. Together with Sir William Gull, Morton documented the symptoms of these patients. Gull later introduced the term anorexia for the condition.

The disorder is an extreme response to various factors involving the biological and psychological aspect of the individual. It may also involve social and cultural elements, although the cultural pressure and influence to be thin is viewed as a major causative factor for this distorted behavior. Anorexic�have the tendency to feel an overwhelming compulsion in controlling weight as a means of coping with emotional stress and other distressing conditions.

What are the Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa?

The maladaptive behavior of the individual to eating and body image can lead to the manifestation of destructive eating patterns, self-destructive behavior and symptoms. These are commonly viewed as coping mechanisms to various stressful conditions.

Setting own standard of ideal weight that is far below the normal weight range
Fear of getting fat
Engagement to unhealthy dietary practices.
Inducing weight loss like self induce vomiting and using laxatives.
Obsession in limiting food intake
Distorted self perception of being fat
Over exercise and hyperactivity
Low self-esteem
Observing overly strict low-calorie diet every day
Starving oneself
Obsessed with using the weighing scale several times a day to monitor weight
Avoidance of eating in public places
Feeling extreme guilt after eating
Feeling depressed upon gaining weight or breaking one's own self-imposed dietary rules

How is Anorexia Nervosa Diagnosed?

In diagnosing anorexia nervosa, ruling out other medical condition is a must. Doctors usually explore the possibility of the presence of cancer and metabolic problems, poor nutrition and psychological disorders. The following are the diagnostic conditions for anorexia nervosa:

The person's weight is usually 85% or lower the minimum weight standard by age.
The feeling of being fat despite of being underweight
There is a denial of having an undernourished body
Females usually have missed menstrual periods of three consecutive cycles.

Other non-specific forms of Anorexia Nervosa are also identified. They are characterized based on their unusual behavior of controlling body weight. This includes the restrictive type that involves the behavior of limiting food intake but without purging, and the binge eating disorder that manifests a purging behavior like performing self induce vomiting and using laxatives for weight loss.

Treatment options for Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa is a self destructive behavior with the dangerous implication of developing other forms of ailments and medical conditions. The treatment approach consists of reducing the self destructive thoughts and unhealthy weight loss practices of the individual. Promoting a healthy eating habit and developing positive self perception are also integrated in the intervention. Treatment options are available for anorexia nervosa and the option will depend upon the extent of the destructive behavior and the patient response to treatment.

Psychological intervention or therapy

�The intervention aims to eliminate the destructive eating behavior and modifying eating patterns. It also involves identifying common stressful conditions that may encourage the behavior. Motivation skills are taught to help prevent relapse of the condition.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

This consists of psycho-education intervention, therapeutic approach in self monitoring, normalizing eating behavior and positive response to treatment. Cognitive restructuring is also taught, such as identifying maladaptive thinking and overcoming stressful situations. The person also learns problem solving skills to cope with stress.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

�Among the benefits derived from dialectical behavior therapy are the reduction of self harming behaviors, resistance to treatment, dissociative behavior and impulsiveness. The person learns various techniques in coping with emotional and distressing conditions without resorting to the maladaptive behavior of eating as a coping mechanism.

When to get treatment for anorexia nervosa

Anorexia is a self destructive condition that should be diagnosed at the early signs of the conditions. Corrective eating behavior should be introduced to prevent the resulting complications arising from an unhealthy eating behavior and obsession of losing weight. Anorexics have distorted body image, thereby resorting to unhealthy eating habits in order to control their life and their emotions. Normal persons usually regard their self esteem more than their weight. Anorexics, on the other hand, are likely to gauge their self esteem based on how thin they are. They tend to have a high disregard about their health with the primary concern of getting thin.

If you are an anorexic, it is important to see your doctor immediately. There is help for your condition and the first step to recovery is admitting you have a problem. It helps to talk to someone about your problem and get an immediate treatment before you develop adverse complications to your health.

Congential Nystagmus and its Symptoms and Treatments

Oct 22, 2014

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Nystagmus is a condition characterized by involuntary and uncontrolled movement of the eyes in all directions. It is often referred to as “dancing eyes”. Nystagmus indicates a problem with the pathways between the eyes and the brain and results in impaired vision. There are different types of nystagmus, and the most common type is known as congenital nystagmus. Congenital nystagmus, also known as infantile nystagmus syndrome, is first discovered in young infants and may develop from as early as six weeks after birth.

Certain cases of congenital nystagmus are associated with strabismus, wherein the eyes are unable to align or function properly at all. In other cases, the eyes move together and swing back and forth. Nystagmus may be very mild in some instances, but it is always advised to visit a doctor if symptoms of this condition are perceived. It does not always cause pain, but it may be indicative of the other underlying visual condition and always leads to some loss or damage to the visual senses. Experts have discovered key information on congenital nystagmus, most notably how it can be treated.

Causes of nystagmus

Congenital nystagmus is often attributed to genetics. Inherited ocular conditions from the parents may lead to nystagmus in their children. Eye conditions, such as glaucoma or cataract, can give rise to nystagmus. Bilateral congenital cataract is a form of infantile nystagmus caused by a cataract. Albinism is also usually associated with the condition, as are optic nerve hypoplasia, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, and retinal or optic nerve disorders.

Nystagmus is commonly identified as a neurological complication caused by damage or impairments in parts of the brain or nervous system. If caused by damage to the eyes or the neural pathways connecting to them, nystagmus is referred to as optokinetic. If related to the inner ear or closely situated parts of the brain that control eye movement, it is known as vestibular. A few conditions not directly related to the eyes, such as Down’s syndrome, have also been known to lead to congenital nystagmus.

Symptoms of nystagmus

The uncontrolled movement of the eyes is the first immediate symptom of congenital nystagmus. It first manifests itself conspicuously in young children and varies in how severely it affects the visual senses. The eyes involuntarily move in all directions, either in tandem or individually, from one side to the other, or around in circles. In some rare cases, nystagmus develops visible in only one eye, known as unilateral nystagmus. Instead of perceiving the world as shaking, people with the condition report blurry vision – a phenomenon known as oscillopsia.

All people with nystagmus are not able to see properly as their eyes are incapable of projecting a clear visual image into their brains because of the constant ocular movement. This causes many to also suffer from vertigo. Because nystagmus prevents patients from viewing things properly, they are forced to tilt their heads at a certain angle – known as the null point – so that they can see more clearly and where their eyes move the least. Both their appearances and social lives are affected, as they are unable to normally talk to or establish eye contact with others. Because of their various vision problems, people with congenital nystagmus are considered blind.

Diagnosis of nystagmus

Once one notices the symptoms of congenital nystagmus, they should notify a doctor as soon as possible. There are several non-invasive tests that can be used to diagnose the condition. In the caloric reflex test, the ear canal is filled with either cold or warm water, and the temperature difference stimulates the vestibuloocular reflex and tests for nystagmus.

Eye movement can be measured and recorded using electrodes through an electronystagmograph, a kind of electrooculography, or a videonystagmograph, which is an example of a video-oculography. There are other ocular conditions involving eye movement that is distinct from nystagmus, such as ocular flutter, wherein the movement is much faster. This is why it is important for doctors to precisely quantify and observe the manner of the movements, in order to properly diagnose it as nystagmus. Several other techniques have been developed in order to more accurately analyze and record eye movements.

Treating congenital nystagmus

There is no known treatment that can be used to definitively cure congenital nystagmus. However, there are several medications and forms of therapy that have shown promising results for many patients. Baclofen is a medication used for alcoholism and muscle spasticity and has been discovered to effectively inhibit periods of nystagmus. Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant and analgesic used to treat epilepsy that has successfully relieved symptoms in half the patients that chose to take it. Other effective nystagmus medications are levetiracetam, memantine, and acetazolamide.

Surgery does not completely cure nystagmus, however, it can decrease the intensity of its symptoms and improve vision. Strabismus surgery is used to treat conditions of eye muscles. Other types of surgery aim to lessen the angle the head has to tilt in order to reach the null point. Acupuncture therapy, especially of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck, has produced some positive results. Neurological physical therapy is a specialized field targeted toward treating nystagmus and similar conditions. The most practical and common ways to counter nystagmus are the use of glasses or contact lenses.

Other kinds of nystagmus

Congenital nystagmus is only one of the several kinds of nystagmus that can inflict people. Acquired nystagmus is another common type that develops later on in life and is usually caused by previous diseases, like diabetic neuropathy, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, or by accidents to the head or affecting the nervous system. Hyperventilation and direct exposure of light onto the eyes may both lead to acquired nystagmus. Manifest-latent nystagmus is a combination of both manifest and latent conditions, wherein the nystagmus is constantly present, but ends up worsening if one eye is covered. Positional nystagmus is a consequence of the position of one’s head, and spontaneous nystagmus is random and occurs regardless of one’s position. Pathologic nystagmus is characterized by slow eye movement in one direction and sudden rapid movement in the other. Nystagmus is also named after the direction of the eye movements, from the right – beat, left-beat, seesaw, downbeat, upbeat, and periodic alternating.

Further research and related issues

Experts are delving further into congenital nystagmus and trying to discover more about this condition to help those suffering from it. Some researchers have attempted to harness biofeedback to make patients conscious of their eye movements and learn to control them. The nature of nystagmus has prompted research into other similar eye conditions. A few examples of these include juvenile cataracts and cone dystrophies. Scientists have also attempted to study how other genetic or neurological conditions can give rise to acquired nystagmus.

An area that experts are focusing on is in helping patients cope with nystagmus. In children, it is often dismissed as a typical ocular disorder or even as a learning problem. Experts are encouraging patients to seek help immediately or get into contact with support groups and institutions targeted toward helping them cope. Spreading awareness of congenital nystagmus and discovering more about it are both instrumental in learning how to fight its effects.

Diarrhea Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Oct 21, 2014

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Diarrhea is one of the main causes of dehydration and a person should know when to consider it a serious condition and to obtain the proper treatment needed. Diarrhea is a normal process of eliminating the toxic wastes from the body and it is usually characterized by a loose, watery bowel movement. Diarrhea is harmful and may occasionally become an emergency condition when dehydration occurs.

Normally, a person experiences diarrhea 1 to 2 times a year and in most instances there are remedies available at home for its treatment.. A mild diarrhea can last after two to three trips to the bathroom while others last for three days. Long term diarrhea is dangerous because it may result in dehydration.

Common causes of diarrhea

Inflammatory bowel disease

This is usually characterized by colitis and Crohn's disease. Colitis and Crohn's disease �occur when the lining of the individual's digestive tract becomes inflamed. Serious symptoms of these diseases include weight loss, high fever, severe pain and sometimes rectal bleeding. Crohn's syndrome is usually treated by means of an oral medication that helps reduce the inflammation and brings the lining of the digestive tract back to its normal condition. The same type of medication is given to those who suffer with colitis. �Colitis in its severe form can be treated through the surgical process.

Irritable bowel syndrome

This is similar to colitis, however, there is no inflammation in the lining of the digestive tract, just an abnormality on the digestive tract that causes the stool to soften and becomes watery.

Bacterial infection

Bacterial infection is another major cause of diarrhea where a person may have consumed contaminated food and water. The type of bacteria that is usually present in water and solid foods include E. Coli and salmonella. These kinds of bacteria are enough to cause diarrhea and becomes fatal if not treated immediately.

Warning signs of Diarrhea

Diarrhea can be dangerous, especially to children when it is not treated immediately. The following warning signs should be observed if a person has diarrhea:

Signs of dehydration

Dehydration can be dangerous and it usually happens with long term diarrhea. The common symptoms include weak muscles, dizziness, headache, feeling of thirst and nausea. Prolonged exposure to dehydration can result in kidney failure and other internal organ diseases.

Blood in the stool

Blood in the stool that is bright red and looks like fresh blood may mean minor laceration on the anus area, however, dark blood that comes with the stool may indicate problems in the digestive tract. Doctor should perform a test in order to diagnose other underlying conditions that may be causing diarrhea symptoms.

Fever

Fever is usually caused by the toxins trapped in the digestive tract that slowly spreads in the body. A person who has diarrhea and at the same time experiencing a fever should see a doctor for possible infection. Doctors may perform stool tests in order to see what causes the increased temperature in the body.

Severe rectal or abdominal pain

Rectal pain or anal pain happens and is usually caused by anal fissures or an inflamed digestive tract. When this happens, diarrhea is not the only emergency illness that needs to be treated but also the digestive tract. Abdominal pain can also be severe because of the abnormal activity in the digestive system, usually caused by bacterial infection.

Diagnosing diarrhea

Diarrhea normally lasts between 24 to 72 hours. If the illness stays longer than this, an individual may be experiencing chronic diarrhea. A doctor may need to ask the following questions for proper diagnosis:

Duration of the illness
Current medication
Appearance of the stool (ex. watery, fatty or bloody)
History (if the patient experienced the same thing before)
Any food that triggers diarrhea or abdominal pain
Other symptoms felt, such as headache, dizziness, fever or nausea

Generally, diarrhea clears up even in the absence of any type of medication. It is the body's natural way of disposing toxins from inside the body. Some people also experience chronic diarrhea that lasts up to two weeks. People who have chronic diarrhea should seek the help of a doctor in order to get the proper treatment.

Some people may consider diarrhea as a minor illness, however, food poisoning and bacterial infection may be the cause of diarrhea that can pose a more serious condition that needs medical attention. In children, diarrhea also needs special care because of their sensitive immune system and their body is more susceptible to dehydration. Children who refuse to take more fluids are often taken to the hospital to receive intravenous treatment because of serious dehydration. Children are likewise prone to experiencing internal organ failure because of severe dehydration.

Treating diarrhea

Seeing your doctor for treatment is usually not indicated, especially when your diarrhea symptoms are mild and less serious. They can be treated at home using over-the-counter medicine that can produce relief of symptoms within a few minutes. However, If your diarrhea does not go away after taking anti-diarrhea drugs, make sure to see your doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment for your condition.

Drinking lots of fluids will help counteract the adverse effect of dehydration in diarrhea. Taking sports drinks are also recommended because the high sugar content in them can absorb water to prevent dehydrating the body. Caffeinated and carbonated drinks should not be given as they increase the dehydration in the body. If an individual has a poor lactose tolerance, milk and dairy products should be avoided as this will also cause diarrhea.

Frequently drink clear fluids like water. Make sure that it is not contaminated and cold. Drinking fluids while you have diarrhea will keep your body hydrated. Dehydration can lead to severe cramps as well as weak muscles. Your kidneys can also suffer if your body is not receiving the right amount of fluids. Drink water at least twice the amount you need to drink on a daily basis. This will help flush out toxins faster and lets your body recover faster.

Eat small amount of food the moment you feel better to make sure you properly refill the nutrients that your body lost during the period. Make sure to eat in small amounts so that your body, especially your stomach, can properly digest the food. Avoid eating spicy foods that tend to irritate the stomach as well as the digestive tract.

Avoid junk foods that contain the ingredient Sorbitol. Sorbitol is often present in chewing gum and it is a form of laxative that is not helpful when you are suffering from diarrhea. Take over-the-counter medicine if symptoms persist. Most of these medicines take effect over an hour or two, however, some people prefer to make home remedies as a way of letting the toxins out and cleansing the digestive tract. Get some rest. The body tends to become weak and less active during diarrhea episodes. Taking a rest can help the body recuperate better and regain back the energy it lost during dehydration.

Abnormal Eating Behavior in Bulimia Nervosa

Oct 20, 2014

4909

Individuals with bulimia nervosa experience a unique crisis involving the compulsion between the period of binge eating and a frantic period of the need to lose weight. As a form of psychological and eating disorder, the person tends to shift from being a binge eater and then manifests an obsessive behavior of losing weight. The person resorts to using inappropriate weight loss methods such as using laxatives, diuretics, enemas, fasting, over exercises and purging (self induced vomiting). The psychological link of bulimia nervosa to depression and anxiety is high and the disorder is also closely connected with other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder involving the cycles of binge eating and purging.

A bulimic person may feel calm for a short period of time after binge eating and an episode of self-loathing follows. The discovery of the condition is sometimes difficult because the person is able to maintain a regular weight, making it hard to identify the abnormal eating behavior. The compulsion to binge eat is irresistible. An average binge eater can consume between 3,000 and 5,000 calories within an hour, after which, the feeling of guilt sets in and the person find the need to undo the act of eating by inducing vomiting or using laxatives in order to reduce weight. Other compensatory behavior after binge eating includes exercising heavily, going through a crash diet and using diuretics and enemas.

A classic cycle seen in bulimia nervosa includes the initial stage of cravings. The individual experiences a significant stress in fighting the urge to binge eat, but will finally give in. As a result of binge eating, the affected person will then resort to purging or other compensatory behavior in order to lose weight. The feeling of shame and disgust on oneself will set in and the person will then try to observe strict dieting. The same cycle occurs over again.

Bulimia consists of two sub-types that are based on the compensatory behavior to binge eating � the purging and the non-purging type. Individuals with the purging bulimia nervosa engage in the practice of self induced vomiting and using emetics, diuretics and laxatives to remove the foods eaten. The non-purging type usually resort to fasting, crash diet, and over exercise as alternative options to lose weight.

What causes bulimia nervosa?

The main causes of bulimia nervosa are not completely established. The combination of various factors such as biological, psychological and sociocultural influences were taken into account as possible causes of bulimia nervosa. The sufferer of bulimia usually feels helpless, depressed, with low self-esteem and afraid to gain weight. Researchers believe the disorder starts from an individual's dissatisfaction of their body image and being more conscious with their physical attributes. Some may also have a history of sexual abuse.

Bulimia might be associated with deep psychological issues and the feeling of lack of control. Bulimic individuals cannot control their impulsive behaviors with the difficulty in managing their moods and anger. This results in more conflicting relationships with their family with growing impulsiveness and obsessive behavior towards binge eating and purging. Genetic factors also play a role in the occurrence of bulimia, specifically with some family members who have a history of eating disorder. Studies showed that in twins, it is possible that both will have the disorder.

Another unclear factor that may cause bulimia is the action of serotonin in the brain, which chemical action can affect human behavior and regulation of food intake. Environmental factors are also attributable to cause bulimia. The obsession to become thinner can be a predisposing factor to the condition which is usually influenced by Western cultures, as well as peer pressure.

Signs and Symptoms of bulimia nervosa

The common signs and symptoms attributable to bulimia include the following:

Physical Symptoms

Uncontrollable eating most secretively done
Purging
Unstable weight
Sores in the throat and mouth
Dehydration after purging of fluids from the body
Abnormal bowel functioning
Damaged teeth and gums or eroded tooth enamel
Irregular heartbeat
Inflamed glands in the cheeks, neck and below the jaw
Decaying teeth due to stomach acids
GERD or gastroesophageal reflux disorder
Constipation
Blood-tinged vomit
Kidney problems from diuretic abuse
Irritation of the GI from laxative abuse
Feeling of fatigue
Dry skin
Sores, scars or calluses on the knuckles or hands from forcing the body to vomit
Amennorhea or absence of menstruation or an irregular menstrual cycle
Bad breath
Substance abuse, especially alcohol
Weakness
Bloodshot on eyes

�Emotional and behavioral Symptoms

Hoarding or stealing of food
Loss of control over eating that is accompanied with guilt and shame
Anxiety
Depression
Continuous dieting
Excessive exercise to lose weight
Too much eating that only stops when experience pain or discomfort in the stomach
Using laxatives or enemas to purge
Extremely and overly concerned with their physical appearance and weight
Frequent use of bathroom after eating or every meal

�Diagnosing Bulimia Nervosa

The diagnostic tool used for diagnosing bulimia is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR) published by the American Psychological Association. Among the criteria imposed for bulimia diagnosis includes the recurrent episode of binge eating behavior that may manifest as a lack of control of overeating and eating large quantities of foods that one would normally eat under a similar circumstance. The person should also manifest an abnormal perspective about his or her body weight. The symptoms should also occur at least twice a week and should persist to continue for at least 3 months.

Treatment approaches to bulimia nervosa

The condition is a chronic condition that requires long term care and treatment. The classic forms of treatment indicated for bulimia includes the prescription of antidepressant drugs, psychotherapy and nutritional therapy. Talk therapy or counselling is usually given to help the person openly express concerns about the condition. Cognitive behavioral therapy helps introduce positive insights towards eating and help the person find healthier ways of controlling weight and replace self loathing behavior. The patient learns how to control binge eating urges and to replace cravings with positive alternative behavior.

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